AP BIO UNIT 1

Organic Compounds

molecules that contain carbon bonded to (CHNOPS)

Macromolecules:

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins

3. Nucleic Acid

4. Lipid

Monomers:

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Monosaccharides

2. Amino Acids

3. Nucleotide

4. Fatty Acids

Dehydration Reaction

type of reaction that joins monomers together.

Hydrolysis Reaction

type of reaction that breaks polymers into monomers.

Carbohydrates

molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Used most commonly for \_________ and \_________.

structure; energy

Three types of carbohydrates:

1.

2.

3.

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides (Single Sugar)

Always have the formula CxHxOx; normally used as an energy source; most common type is C6H12O6; examples are fructose, glucose, galactose.

Disaccharides (Double Sugar)

Used in situations that need to taste good; examples are sucrose (1 fructose + 1 glucose) and lactose (1 glucose + 1 galactose).

Polysaccharides (Many Sugars)

Used for structures and storage; for structure it is in the form of cellulose (in plants), chitin (in fungi and insects), and peptidoglycan (in the cell walls of bacteria); for storage (non water soluble) it is in the form of starch or amylose (in plants) and glycogen (in animals).

Lipids

large hydrophobic organic molecules.

Triglycerides (fats and oils)

Energy storage and insulation.

Phospholipids

Cell wall membrane

Steroids (4 Fused Carbon Rings)

Chemical messenger hormones

Waxes (Long chain of fatty acid and alcohol)

Waterproofing

Structure of Triglycerides

3 fatty acid tails bonded to a glycerol head.

Saturated Triglycerides (fats)

No double bonds; very densely packed; solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated Triglycerides (fats)

Carbon-carbon double bonds; less dense; liquid at room temperature.

Structure of a Phospholipid

Phosphate head and two fatty acid tails.

When in water \______ wants to go towards water, but \______ go away from water.

phosphate heads; tails

Saturated: \_________ bond

single

Unsaturated: \________ bond

double

Proteins

Polymers made from amino acids (aa) monomers.

What kind of structure allows the proteins to complete a unique task/function?

A 3D structure

What is the common thing that all 20 unique amino acids share?

They share a common basic structure

Amine and carbonxyl groups are \______________.

Functional groups

R-Group Side Chain:

part of the amino acid that makes each of the 20 amino acids unique.

\__________ \_____ allow amino acids to connect which builds a polypeptide.

Bonding sites

Primary Structure

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

Secondary Structure

Hydrogen bonding bonds with adjacent amino acids and will be lead to one of two structures.

Tertiary Structure

3D final folding that allows the polypeptides to preform its task. Tertiary folding is the result of R groups interactions.

Types of Interactions:

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Bonding

2. Ionic Bonding

3. Covalent Bonding (Disulfide bridges hold the 3D structure together).

4. R-Group with a negative charge will attract to a positive group and repel a negative group.

Quaternary Structure

Multiple folded peptides that join together to form a large protein.

Nucleic Acids

Polymers made from nucleotide monomers.

Pentose Sugar

5 C sugar; DNA- deoxyribose sugars; RNA- ribose sugars

\_________ \_______ are what makes each nucleotide unique.

Nitrogenous bases

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

contains deoxyribose sugars; contains thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine; double stranded; stores genetic information; contains the instructions to make RNA.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

contains ribose sugars; contains uracil, adenine, guanine, and cytosine; mRNA: contains a nucleotide sequence that acts as instructions for making a protein; tRNA: (transfer) translates the nucleic acid sequence on mRNA into an amino acid sequence; rRNA: is the enzymatic RNA that makes up ribosomes and attaches amino acids together; miRNA: are small chains of RNA that regulate cellular processes.

ATP

nucleotide composed of adenine and ribose (adenosine) and 3 phosphates (triphosphate);

high energy molecule (energy currency of the cell)

RNA nucelosides act as the main energy shuttle for the cell

ATP -\> ADP + P + energy

ADP (Adenosine Diphospahte)

Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group to become ATP.

Amino Acid

Organic molecule composed of an amino group and an amino acid; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Nucleotide with three phosphate groups. The breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells.

Biomolecule

Organic molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats.

Carbohydrate

Class of organic compounds that typically contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; includes the monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Cellulose

Polysaccharide that is a major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls.

Chaperone Protein

Molecule that directs the proper folding of polypeptides.

Chitin

Strong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi.

Coenzyme

Nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound to.

Complementary Base Pairing

Hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines; responsible for the structure of DNA, and some RNA, molecules.

Dehydration Reaction

Chemical reaction in which a water molecule is released during the formation of a covalent bond.

Denatured

Loss of a protein's or enzyme's normal shape so that it no longer functions; usually caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature.

Deoxyribose

Pentose sugar found in DNA.

Disaccharide

Sugar that contains two monosaccharide units; e.g., maltose.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms.

Enzyme

Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape.

Fat

Organic molecule that contains glycerol and three fatty acids; energy storage molecule.

Fatty Acid

Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group.

Fibrous Protein

A protein that has only a secondary structure; generally insoluble; includes collagens, elastins, and keratins.

Functional Group

Specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way.

Globular Protein

Most of the proteins in the body; soluble in water or salt solution; includes albumins, globulins, and histones.

Glucose

Six-carbon monosaccharide; used as an energy source during cellular respiration and as a monomer of the structural polysaccharides.

Glycerol

Three-carbon carbohydrate with three hydroxl groups attached; a component of fats and oils.

Glycogen

Storage polysaccharide found in animals; composed of glucose molecules joined in a liner fashion, but having numerous branches.

Hemoglobin

Iron-containing respiratory pigment occurring in vertebrate red blood cells and in the blood plasma of some invertebrates.

Hexose

Any monosaccharide that contains six carbons; examples are glucose and galactose.

Hydrolysis Reaction

Splitting of chemical bond by the addition of water, with the H+ going to one molecule and the OH- going to the other.

Hydrophilic

Type of molecule, often polar, that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Hydrophobic

Type of molecule, that is typically non polar, and therefore does not interact with water easily.

Inorganic Chemistry

Branch of science that studies the chemical reactions and properties of all the elements, except hydrogen and carbon.

Isomer

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure, and there for a different shape.

Lipid

Class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in non polar solvents; includes fats and oils.