Mitosis and the cell cycle flashcards

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28 Terms

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Mitosis

the division of body cells to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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Meiosis

division of sex cells to produce 4 genetically unique daughter cells

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Why do cells divide?

Cells divide to grow, repair tissues, and reproduce new cells.

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Nucleolus

a dense region within the nucleus that produces and assembles ribosomes

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Chromatin

stringy complex of DNA and protein.

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chromosome

dense and compact bundles of chromatin that help DNA separate precisely during cell division

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sister chromatins

2 identical halves of a chromosome

<p>2 identical halves of a chromosome </p>
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centromere

the place where the 2 sister chromatin’s are joined together

<p>the place where the 2 sister chromatin’s are joined together</p>
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centrioles

organize spindle fibers during cell division (IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY)

<p>organize spindle fibers during cell division <strong><mark data-color="#e992cf" style="background-color: #e992cf; color: inherit">(IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY)</mark></strong></p>
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spindle fibers

microtubules that help separate and move duplicated chromosomes during cell division

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what are the 3 parts of cell division?

  1. interphase

  2. mitosis

  3. cytokinesis

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what is the longest phase of cell division?

interphase

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what happens in interphase?

the cell gets prepared for mitosis by:

  • growing larger

  • having the DNA and organelles replicated

<p>the cell gets prepared for mitosis by: </p><ul><li><p>growing larger </p></li><li><p>having the DNA and organelles replicated</p></li></ul><p></p>
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what are interphases’ 3 stages called?

  1. G1 (GAP 1)

  2. S (synthesis)

  3. G2 (GAP 2)

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what happens in G1?

the cell grows in size and duplicate’s its organelles

<p>the cell grows in size and duplicate’s its organelles </p>
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what happens in S (synthesis)?

the cell synthesis’ a copy of its DNA and replicates chromosomes

<p>the cell synthesis’ a copy of its DNA and replicates chromosomes </p>
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what happens in G2?

the cell grows even larger and reorganizes its genetic material

<p>the cell grows even larger and reorganizes its genetic material </p>
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what are some things to remember about interphase?

the nucleus and nucleolus are well defined

DNA is loosely packed into long chromatin fibers

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what is mitosis?

the cell is actively dividing into 2 daughter cells

<p>the cell is actively dividing into 2 daughter cells </p>
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what are the stages of mitosis?

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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what happens in prophase?

  • the chromatin condenses and chromosomes become visible

  • the centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

  • spindle fibers extend to the centrosome (where the centrioles are located)

  • the nucleus disappears

  • nuclear envelope breaks down

<ul><li><p>the chromatin condenses and chromosomes become visible</p></li><li><p>the centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell</p></li><li><p>spindle fibers extend to the centrosome (where the centrioles are located)</p></li><li><p>the nucleus disappears </p></li><li><p> nuclear envelope breaks down</p></li></ul><p></p>
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centrosome

where the centrioles are located

<p>where the centrioles are located</p>
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what happens in metaphase?

  • chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

  • spindle fibers help to coordinate the movement of the chromosomes

  • it is the SHORTEST phase

<ul><li><p>chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell </p></li><li><p>spindle fibers help to coordinate the movement of the chromosomes </p></li><li><p>it is the <strong>SHORTEST </strong>phase </p></li></ul><p></p>
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what happens during anaphase?

  • the sister chromatins separate from each other and move away from each other

  • chromosomes move along spindle fibers to opposite sides of the cell

  • once anaphase begins each sister chromosome is considered an INDIVIDUAL chromosome

  • at the end of anaphase, each side of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes

<ul><li><p>the sister chromatins separate from each other and move away from each other</p></li><li><p>chromosomes move along spindle fibers to opposite sides of the cell </p></li><li><p>once anaphase begins each sister chromosome is considered an <strong>INDIVIDUAL</strong> chromosome</p></li><li><p>at the end of anaphase, each side of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes</p></li></ul><p></p>
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what happens in telophase?

  • condensed chromosomes unwind and spread out into clusters of chromatin

  • the nuclear envelope reforms

  • the nucleus becomes visible again

  • the cell now has TWO IDENTICAL nuclei

<p></p><ul><li><p>condensed chromosomes unwind and spread out into clusters of chromatin</p></li><li><p>the nuclear envelope reforms</p></li><li><p>the nucleus becomes visible again</p></li><li><p>the cell now has <strong>TWO IDENTICAL </strong>nuclei</p></li></ul><p></p>
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what happens in cytokinesis?

  • cell division completes by splitting the cytoplasm and dividing the cell into 2 identical cells

  • each daughter cell contains an identical set of chromosomes

<ul><li><p>cell division completes by splitting the cytoplasm and <strong>dividing the cell into 2 identical cells </strong></p></li><li><p>each daughter cell contains an identical set of chromosomes </p></li></ul><p></p>
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what happens in animal cell cytokinesis?

the cell membrane draws inward to create a cleavage furrow

<p>the cell membrane draws inward to create a <strong>cleavage furrow</strong></p>
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what happens in plant cell cytokinesis?

a cell plate forms between the 2 divided cells

<p>a cell plate forms between the 2 divided cells </p>