PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERM FLASH CARDS

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 69

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

70 Terms

1

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

New cards
2

BF Skinner

A behaviorist known for his work on operant conditioning and theSkinner Box experiment.

New cards
3

Control Group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used as a benchmark.

New cards
4

Psychopathology

The study of psychological disorders and the development of diagnosis and treatment.

New cards
5

JB Watson

The founder of behaviorism, emphasizing observable behavior over internal processes.

New cards
6

Critical Thinking

The ability to analyze and evaluate information or arguments for validity.

New cards
7

Stratified/representative sample

A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn.

New cards
8

Collectivism

A cultural orientation that emphasizes group goals and interdependence.

New cards
9

Introspection

The examination of one's conscious thoughts and feelings.

New cards
10

Double blind studies

Research designs in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the treatment or control group.

New cards
11

Blind studies

Research designs in which participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or not.

New cards
12

Individualism

A cultural orientation that emphasizes personal goals and independence.

New cards
13

Scientific method

A systematic process for testing hypotheses and acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation.

New cards
14

Treatment group

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention being tested.

New cards
15

Operational definition

A clear and precise description of how a variable is measured or manipulated in a study.

New cards
16

Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.

New cards
17

Random sampling

A method of selecting a sample from a population where each individual has an equal chance of being chosen.

New cards
18

Population vs Sample

A population includes all members of a group, while a sample is a subset taken from that group.

New cards
19

Case study vs Survey vs Testing vs Naturalistic observation

A case study is an in-depth analysis of a single subject, a survey collects data from a large group, testing measures specific abilities or behaviors, and naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in its natural environment.

New cards
20

Correlation

A statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two variables fluctuate together, which can be positive, negative, or zero.

New cards
21

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

New cards
22

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured in response to changes in the independent variable.

New cards
23

Ethics in psychological research

Standards that guide researchers in conducting studies responsibly, ensuring the welfare of participants.

New cards
24

Psychological disorders

Conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause distress or impairment.

New cards
25

DSM 5 TR

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision, used for diagnosing mental disorders.

New cards
26

Behavioral theory

A psychological perspective focusing on observable behaviors and the effects of learning through conditioning.

New cards
27

Cognitive theory

An approach emphasizing mental processes, including perception, memory, and problem-solving.

New cards
28

Humanistic theory

A psychological perspective that emphasizes personal growth and fulfillment.

New cards
29

Psychodynamic theory

A perspective that focuses on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

New cards
30

Cross-cultural psychology

The study of how cultural factors influence human behavior.

New cards
31

Cognitive-behavioral theory

An approach that combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to change maladaptive behaviors and thoughts.

New cards
32

Positive psychology

An area of psychology that focuses on the strengths and virtues that enable individuals to thrive.

New cards
33

Biological perspective

An approach that views behavior as a result of biological processes.

New cards
34

Evolutionary psychology

A theoretical perspective that considers how evolutionary principles shape behavior and mental processes.

New cards
35

Brain

The organ of perception and action, responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating behavior.

New cards
36

Glial cells

Supportive cells in the nervous system that assist neurons and maintain homeostasis.

New cards
37

Sensory neurons

Afferent neurons that carry signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

New cards
38

Motor neurons

Efferent neurons that transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

New cards
39

Neurons

The basic building blocks of the nervous system that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.

New cards
40

Neuroscience

The scientific study of the nervous system and its role in behavior.

New cards
41

Circadian Rhythm

The 24-hour cycle that regulates biological processes, such as sleep-wake patterns.

New cards
42

Consciousness

The state of being aware of and able to think about one's own existence, thoughts, and surroundings.

New cards
43

Absolute Threshold

The minimum level of stimulus intensity needed for detection by the senses.

New cards
44

Types of Color Blindness

Conditions that impair an individual's ability to distinguish between certain colors.

New cards
45

Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thought, perception, and emotions.

New cards
46

Positive symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that involve excesses or distortions of normal functions, such as hallucinations.

New cards
47

Negative symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that involve a reduction or absence of normal functions, such as lack of motivation.

New cards
48

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep.

New cards
49

Parasomnias

Disorders characterized by abnormal behaviors during sleep, such as sleepwalking.

New cards
50

EEG

Electroencephalogram, a test that measures electrical activity in the brain associated with different sleep stages.

New cards
51

NREM sleep

Non-rapid eye movement sleep that comprises several stages and is essential for restorative processes.

New cards
52

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, characterized by vivid dreams and increased brain activity.

New cards
53

Panic Attack/Disorder

A sudden episode of intense fear or discomfort that triggers severe physical reactions without an actual danger.

New cards
54

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A condition characterized by unwanted and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

New cards
55

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, elicits a response.

New cards
56

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally and automatically evokes a response without prior learning.

New cards
57

Primary reinforcers

Reinforcers that satisfy basic biological needs, such as food and water.

New cards
58

Conditioned Responses

Responses that are learned through classical conditioning.

New cards
59

Flooding

A therapeutic technique for treating phobias by exposing the individual to their fear until anxiety decreases.

New cards
60

Spontaneous Recovery

The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.

New cards
61

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A condition characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life.

New cards
62

Behavior Modification

The use of learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors.

New cards
63

Little Albert experiment

John Watson’s experiment demonstrating classical conditioning in humans, where a child developed a phobia of white rats.

New cards
64

Taste Aversion

John Garcia's finding that animals can develop an aversion to tastes associated with illness.

New cards
65

Bobo Doll experiment

Albert Bandura’s study showing that children learn behaviors through observation and imitation.

New cards
66

Thorndike’s Puzzle Box experiment

An experiment demonstrating the law of effect, where cats learned to escape from a box for a food reward.

New cards
67

Reinforcement schedules

Plans for how and when to deliver reinforcement, including fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval.

New cards
68

Classical Conditioning

A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, prompting a conditioned response.

New cards
69

Operant Conditioning

A learning process in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it, such as reinforcement or punishment.

New cards
70

Phobias

An irrational fear of specific objects or situations that leads to significant distress or impairment.

New cards
robot