AP World History - Ultimate Guide (copy)

Growth of long-distance trade

Emerged from the collapse of classical civilizations and interactions between new states.

Religious Mysticism

Adherents focusing on mystical experiences within religions to connect with the divine through prayer and meditation.

Theravada Buddhism

Branch of Buddhism emphasizing meditation, simplicity, and renunciation of consciousness and self to achieve nirvana.

Mahayana Buddhism

Branch of Buddhism focusing on rituals and spiritual comfort, leading to a more widespread influence.

Christianity

Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, emphasizing forgiveness, everlasting life through faith, and compassion.

Confucianism

Founded by Confucius, focusing on restoring political and social order through fundamental relationships in society.

Hinduism

Belief in one supreme force, Brahma, with the goal of merging with Brahma through following dharma and achieving moksha.

Islam

Emerged in the 7th century, emphasizing submission to God through the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the Qur’an.

Feudalism

European social hierarchy system in the Middle Ages with kings, nobles, vassals, and peasants, regulated by the code of chivalry.

Hanseatic League

Trade alliance in northern Europe established in 1358 to drive towards nationhood and increase social mobility and flexibility.

Mongol Conquest Impact

Great diffusers of culture, prevented Russia from cultural development, facilitated world trade and cultural diffusion through Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

Mali and Songhai

Mali rich in gold attracting Islamic traders, Mansa Musa expanded Timbuktu, Sonni Ali conquered West Africa.

Song Dynasty

Bureaucratic system based on merit, civil service exams, improved transportation, communication, and literacy through printed books.

Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion

Trade expansion from 1200-1450, improved transportation, monetary systems, global trade routes like the Hanseatic League, Silk Road, Mongol land routes, Indian Ocean trade, Trans-Saharan trade routes.

Bubonic Plague

Originated in Asia in the 14th century, spread by merchants, killed about 1/3 of the population.

European Revolutions

Renaissance, Humanism, Protestant Reformation, Catholic Reformation, Scientific Revolution, leading to Industrial Revolution and rejection of the church.

European Rivals

Spain and Portugal's exploration and expansion, England's Elizabethan Age, France's centralized monarchy, German areas' Holy Roman Empire, Russia's overthrow of Mongol rule.

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman Empire's expansion, Janissaries, Mughal Empire in India, Africa's powerful kingdoms like Songhai, Kongo, Angola.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

Ming Dynasty restoration, exploration under Zheng He, Qing/Manchus rule, Kangxi's conquests and display of legitimacy.

Qianlong

Emperor of China from 1735 to 1796, expanded territory to include Vietnam, Burma, Nepal, and was a Confucian scholar.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Established the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan during the Edo period (1600-1868), enforced a rigid social class system, and moved the capital to Edo (modern-day Tokyo).

National Seclusion Policy

Implemented in Japan in 1635, it prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and most foreigners from entering the country to protect Japanese culture.

Maroon Societies

Communities in the Caribbean and Brazil during the 17th-18th centuries that resisted slave-owners and avoided recapture.

Encomienda System

Hierarchical colonial society established by the Spanish in the New World, involving forced labor of Native Americans and African slaves.

Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, and ideas between Europe, the Americas, and Africa, leading to significant population increases and economic changes.

Commercial Revolution

Age of Exploration characterized by trading, empire building, and conquest, leading to the rise of banking, joint-stock companies, and mercantilism.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries focusing on government, divine right, social contract, and the ideas of philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire.

American Revolution

Colonists in America revolted against British rule, leading to the Declaration of Independence and the establishment of American democracy.

French Revolution

Period of radical social and political change in France, resulting in the overthrow of the monarchy, the Reign of Terror, and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Domestic System

Work primarily done on farms, at home, or in small shops before industrial advancements.

Flying Shuttle

Invention that accelerated the weaving process during the Industrial Revolution.

Spinning Jenny

Device that enabled the spinning of large quantities of thread.

Cotton Gin

Created by Eli Whitney, it revolutionized the processing of cotton on a large scale.

Steam Engine

Developed by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt, it powered machinery during the Industrial Revolution.

Telegraph

Communication device that allowed for rapid transmission of messages over long distances.

Assembly Line

Production method where each worker handles a specific task, increasing efficiency.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

Economic system advocated by Adam Smith, emphasizing minimal government intervention.

Marxism

Ideology from Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto advocating for working-class control of production and resources.

Labour Unions

Organizations that represent workers to negotiate for better working conditions and benefits.

Sepoy Mutiny

Rebellion by Indian soldiers against British disrespect towards Hindu and Muslim beliefs in 1857.

Treaty of Nanjing

Unequal treaty that granted Britain significant trade rights in China after the Opium Wars.

Provisional Government

Established by Alexander Kerensky, it was ineffective due to disagreements with the local councils, the soviets, representing workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Bolsheviks

Socialist party led by Marxist leader Vladimir Lenin, who issued the April Theses demanding peace, land for peasants, and power to the soviets.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Armistice in 1918 between Russia and Germany, ceding part of western Russia to Germany, leading to the end of Russia's involvement in WWI.

Red Army

Military force created by the Bolsheviks under Leon Trotsky to defeat counterrevolutions in the Russian Empire.

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

Led a successful military against Greece, overthrew the Ottoman Empire, and became the first president of Turkey.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Introduced by Lenin in the 1920s, allowed farmers to sell grain for profit, but was later discarded by Stalin.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin's strategy of collectivization, taking over private farms for state-owned enterprises, leading to industrialization and totalitarianism in the USSR.

Fascism

Ideology focused on extreme nationalism, racial identity, and the suppression of individual will in favor of the state.

Benito Mussolini

Founded the first fascist state in Italy, using Blackshirts to gain power and establish a dictatorship.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of the Nazi Party in Germany, promoting extreme nationalism and the belief in the superiority of the Aryan race.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Came to power in 1986, urged restructuring of Soviet economy, implemented elements of private ownership, and signed nuclear arms treaties with the US

Soviet Union Disintegration

Occurred in 1991 after Poland and other former Soviet nations separated, leading to the dissolution of the USSR

Balkans Ethnic Cleansing

Witnessed ethnic cleansing in the Balkans, where many Muslims were murdered by Christian Serbians, prompting UN troop involvement

Boris Yeltsin

First president of Russia post-Soviet era, faced challenges of reforming Russia, leading to corruption, high unemployment, and widespread crime

Vladimir Putin

Former KGB agent who succeeded Yeltsin in 1999, has been a dominant figure in Russian politics as both President and Prime Minister, causing unrest in international relations

Indian National Congress

Established in 1885, aimed to increase rights of Indians under colonial rule, while Muslim League formed in 1906 to advocate for Muslim rights

Amritsar Massacre

Occurred in 1919, where 319 Indians were killed by the British during a peaceful protest, fueling resistance against colonial rule

Mohandas Gandhi

Prominent figure in Indian resistance, advocated for passive resistance through demonstrations and boycotts instead of violence

Partition of India

Led to the creation of Pakistan as a separate Muslim nation, following disagreements between Hindu and Muslim groups on the future of the subcontinent

African National Congress

Formed in 1912 to oppose European colonialism in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela in the fight against apartheid and for equality