Metabolism TMSCA science

Energy

ability to do work

Kinetic Energy

energy of motion

Potential Energy

energy of location

Energy Transformation

ability through biochemical pathways to take potential energy through cellular metabolism and convert to kinetic

First Law of thermodynamics

energy is neither created nor destroyed, just transformed

2nd law of thermodynamics

every energy transfer increases the entropy (measure of disorder or randomness) in the universe

Metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions of building and breaking down

Anabolism

building up of molecules

Catabolism

breaking down of molecules (canobolism eating, breaking down)

anabolism and catabolism linked by

ATP

ATP

adenosine triphosphate consists of nitrogen base adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate

breaking down of phosphate bonds _________ energy

release

Building of bonds ______ chemical energy

stores

Enzymes

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

Enzymes are not used up but rather ____________________

reused over and over

How do enzymes work?

attached to substrate and changing the substrate allowing bonds to stress and break

Inhibitor

a substance that blocks the action of enzyme

Regulate by _______ both competitive and noncompetitive

inhibitors

Competitive inhibitors

they sit right on the active site, where the substrate must compete to get to its spot

Non Competitive Inhibitors

they sit somewhere else on the enzyme, away from the active site (Allosteric site)

Allosteric Site

a site that is away from the active site on the enzyme

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are much more _______ than non-catalyzed reactions

sped up (10-10,000 times

What can influence enzyme activity

* pH
* inhibitors
* temperature
* presence of cofactors

Cofactor

non-protein that binds to enzyme or protein and MUST BE PRESENT in order for it to function

Protein Denaturation

change of a protein shape due to pH, temperature, binding of inhibitors

When proteins lose their shape…

they lose their function

Cells convert glucose to carbon dioxid through many steps,

done in the presence of oxygen (oxidative respiration or not (fermentation)

Electrons are __________ __in the process and are transferred to molecules specialized__ ________ them

removed, carrying

Electron Carriers

NAD+, NADP+, FMN, FAD

Electron carriers are all water _____ __and can__ ________reversible oxidation-reduction reactions

soluble, undergo

What is oxidation?

removing carbon

Oxidative Resperation

oxygen used as terminal electron acceptor in electron transport chain

cells rely on oxidation reactions tp _______ energy needs

satisfy

OIL RIG: Oxidation is ____ __R____eduction is__ ____

loss, gain

What are the two major biochemical energy harvesting pathways in humans?

Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle