Human Development and Poverty Indices

Flashcards based on lecture notes covering Human Development Index (HDI), IHDI, GII, GDI, Global MPI, National MPI of India, and computation methods.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A summary measure of average achievement in key aspects of human development—health, education, and standard of living—published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen

The two South Asian Economists who provided the foundation to the concept of HDI in the 1980s, placing people at the center of the development agenda.

HDI Dimensions and Indicators

The 3 dimensions of HDI are Long & Healthy Life (Life expectancy at Birth), Knowledge (Expected years of schooling and Mean years of schooling for adults aged $25\text{ yrs}$ and more), and A decent Standard of Living (Gross National Income / GNI per capita PPP).

Life Expectancy Index Range

The health dimension indicator of HDI, calculated using a minimum value of $20\text{ yrs}$ and a maximum value of $85\text{ yrs}$ for life expectancy at birth.

Mean Years of Schooling

An HDI education indicator for adults aged $25\text{ yrs}$ and more, estimated by UNESCO Institute of Statistics based on censuses and surveys, normalized with a minimum value of $0$ and maximum value of $15\text{ yrs}$.

Expected Years of Schooling

An HDI education indicator estimated on enrollment by age for children of school entering age, capped at $18\text{ yrs}$, and normalized using a minimum value of $0$ and a maximum aspirational value of $18\text{ yrs}$.

Geometric Mean in HDI

The mathematical method used to combine the scores of the three dimension indices (Life Expectancy Index, Education Index, GNI Index) into a composite HDI.

HDI Classification of Countries

Countries are classified into Very High Human Development ($\text{HDI} \ge 0.900$), High Human Development ($\text{HDI} = 0.800-0.899$), Medium Human Development ($\text{HDI} = 0.500-0.799$), and Low Human Development ($\text{HDI} < 0.500$).

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)

An index that measures the percentage loss in HDI due to inequality by discounting each dimension's average value according to its level of inequality.

Human Development Cost of Inequality

The overall loss to human development due to inequality, represented mathematically as the difference between HDI and IHDI.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

An index measuring gender inequalities across 3 dimensions (Reproductive Health, Empowerment, Labour Market) using 5 indicators, where higher values indicate greater gender disparity.

GII Dimensions and Indicators

Reproductive Health (Maternal Mortality Ratio & adolescent birth rates), Empowerment (female parliamentary seats & secondary educational attainment for population aged $25\text{ yrs}$ and older), and Labour Market (labour force participation rate for population aged $15\text{ yrs}$ and above).

India's GII Performance

India's GII score is $0.437$, placing it at Rank $108$ out of $193$ countries.

Gender Development Index (GDI)

An index measuring gender disparities in HDI achievements across health, education, and living standards, with a range of $0.400$ to $1.100$, where $1.000$ represents perfect gender parity.

GDI Life Expectancy Range Values

For females, the minimum value is $22.5\text{ yrs}$ and maximum is $87.5\text{ yrs}$; for males, the minimum value is $17.5\text{ yrs}$ and maximum is $82.5\text{ yrs}$.

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

A poverty measure developed in $2010$ by Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and UNDP for HDR, covering $107$ developing countries across 3 dimensions and 10 equally weighted indicators.

World Bank Poverty Rate

An absolute poverty metric set at $\$2.15$ a day, which is complemented by the Global MPI.

National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

A survey conducted under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) and International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), which provides data for India's Global and National MPI.

NITI Aayog and MPICC

NITI Aayog is the nodal agency responsible for monitoring Global MPI mechanisms in India and has constituted the Multidimensional Poverty Index Coordination Committee (MPICC).

National MPI of India

India's national poverty index consisting of 3 dimensions and 12 indicators, created by adding Maternal Health and Bank Account to the 10 indicators of the Global MPI.

Alkire Foster Method

The mathematical method used to compute the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), capable of displaying both the breadth (incidence) and depth (intensity) of poverty.