BIO A 201 - 11.17.25 Human Genetics & Variation; Behavior - Week 9 Lecture 1

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to human evolution, genetics, and the history of hominins.

Homo habilis

The first true tool user and a member of the genus Homo, known as 'handyman'.

Anthropocene

The current geological age viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.

Mode one tools

Basic stone tools predominantly found in Africa, associated with early hominins.

Homo erectus

A member of the genus Homo known for its tool use and migration patterns, first evidence appearing approximately 1.8 million years ago.

Mitochondrial DNA

Type of DNA inherited maternally, often used in tracing lineage and genetic heritage.

Neanderthals

An extinct species of human that lived in Europe and Asia, known for their distinctive skull features and tool use.

Admixture

The mixing of different populations, leading to a combination of genetic material.

Founder effect

Reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of ancestors.

Homo naledi

A species of hominin discovered in South Africa that exhibits primitive traits but existed alongside modern humans.

Paleoclimate

The study of past climates based on evidence from geological and biological records.

Synonymous substitution

A genetic mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Nonsynonymous substitution

A genetic mutation that leads to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein, potentially affecting its function.

Har one gene

A gene that regulates the production of relin, important for brain cell organization.

Gene flow

The transfer of genetic variation from one population to another.

Microliths

Small stone tools that were used as components of larger tools during the Upper Paleolithic.

Gracile australopithecines

A group of early human ancestors characterized by lighter skeletal build, including species like Australopithecus afarensis.

Robust australopithecines

A group of early human ancestors characterized by heavier build and strong jaws, including species like Paranthropus boisei.

Lactase persistence

The ability to digest lactose in adulthood, which varies significantly between populations based on historical agricultural practices.

Sickle cell disease

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, prevalent in populations in malaria-endemic areas.

Genetic drift

Random changes in the frequency of alleles in a population over time, often significant in small populations.

Variability in human populations

The range of differences in physical, behavioral, and health-related traits among different groups of people.