Geo 004 final Study Guide

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150 Terms

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4 A's of mitigation

avoid
accept
anticipate
alter

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Levees

a natural or artificial wall that blocks water from going where we don't want it to go

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stages of tornadoes

wall cloud

tendril (comes down and spins fast)

tornado forms

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jet streams

fast wind from west to east

influences weather

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water phases

solid, liquid, gas

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how are thunderstorms form?

warm air is brought to the atmosphere

water vapor condenses and releases energy (heat)

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how do hurricanes happen?

warm moist air rises up and form clouds and clump together

air goes down forming the hurricane spinning counterclock wise

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pyrolysis

gas release from wood (makes fire stronger)

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atmosphere circulation

comes from the sun’s energy not hitting the earth evenly

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do hurricanes last on land?

nope, they lose power because they are powered by warm waters

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where does the sand of a beach come from?

the land

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swash zones

waves that goes in and out/ back and forth

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coastal erosion

the lost of sand and rock on a beach (increased by El Nino)

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wave refraction

shallow parts slow down and deep parts move fast (wave curves)

headlands make waves into shallow water waves and keep deep water waves the same

headlands focuses wave energy, which allows the waves to transport to transport more sand

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groin

structure that goes out into the ocean and causes sand to be deposited

sand is eroded on the other side

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which is more dangerous tsunamis or earthquakes?

tsunamis

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how to classify mass movement

how much water they contain

how rapidly they move

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what happens to the speed of tsunamis when it reaches the shore?

it slows down

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how are waves characterized?

wavelength and wave height

most waves are formed by winds

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tidal bore

fast tides that are similar to tsunamis

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tidal range

difference b/t high and low tides

¼ moon = lowest

full moon = highest

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how to alter mass movements

by adding channels to sheer material out of populated areas

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cut and fill techinque

cut into a slope and fill in

this is to build house on hills

potentially dangerous

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difference b/t flows and slides

flows move down like liquids

slides maintain there shape as they slide down

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flow types

earth, mud, and debris flows

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traditional slides

a landslide or mass movement where material moves down a slope

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rotational slides or slumps

Rotational slide along a curved failure surface.

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what contributes to mass movements?

Water, and the type of material

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what happens when streams have too much discharge

they tend to erode their channel therefore shallowing its gradient

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longshore drift

wave process that carries sediment (sand) along a beach

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man made beach structures

seawalls

breakwaters

jetties/groins

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seawalls

Protect cliffs but starve beaches of sediment

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breakwaters

structure put on the water to protect the beach Reduce wave energy but alter sediment deposition

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jetties

entrances for harbors

Trap sediment on one side, causing erosion downdrift

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beach renourishment

addition of sand to beaches to combat erosion, temporary & costs a lot

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Effects of Water

Water reduces friction, adds weight, and weakens materials and can cause slides or flows

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landslide features

Head scarp (top fracture)

head (upper slide mass)

toe (lower debris pile)

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Clay vs. Hard Rock

Clay is weak, prone to sliding when wet; hard rock is stronger but can fail if fractured or undercut

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wavelength

the distance between two corresponding points on a wave, crests and troughs

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Dams

Store water to control floods but alter ecosystems and sediment transport

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where do mass movements occur?

Steep slopes, loose sediment, fractured rock, areas with heavy rainfall or seismic activity.

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the relationship between gravity and friction

Gravity drives mass movements; friction resists.

Slope angle, material strength, and water content determine stability all contribute to this relationship

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period

time it takes to get b/t wavelengths

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speed

how fast the wave goes

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height

how high the wave gets

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earthflows

super slow flows that resemble fluids

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rockfalls

move fast

are dry

formed when water freezes, expands and makes rocks detach from steep slopes

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subsidences

sinking of the ground due to material seeping into the earth like groundwater

like a sinkhole

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beaches

they have rocks under the sand

sand moves because of waves

rocks resurface

summers (sandy) & winters (rocky/erosion)

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water movement in the ocean

rotates in circles (wave orbitals)

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Major rivers in the U.S

Mississippi

Colorado

Missouri

Ohio

Columbia

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Watersheds

area of land where water drains to for ex. river or lake

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Discharge

Volume of water flowing per unit time (ex. sec)

there is more discharge at the end of a river

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sediment load

stuff carried by rivers

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ways rivers can flow

braided

straight

meandering (these causes rivers to shift)

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types of floods

flash floods

regional floods

catastrophic floods

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flash floods

rapid onset. often in small streams, does not last long

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regional floods

widespread, prolonged flooding affecting large rivers

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catastrophic floods

rare, massive events like dam breaches or glacial outbursts

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recurrence interval

time b/t floods of a given magnitude for ex. 100 yr floods

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floodplains

low-lying areas adjacent to river (flood a lot)

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how do people interact with floods

moving or elevating their buildings

stream challenlization (this controls flooding but can cause erosion)

Levees

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tsunamis

made of multiple waves

can be caused by earthquakes at subduction zones, landslides, and eruptions

low amplitude and long wavelength

can be detected by D.A.R.T

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creeps

slow gradual movement of soil downhill (they have some water in it)

caused by expansion and contraction of the ground

can move houses

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photosynthesis and fire

fire is just the reverse of the process of photosynthesis

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how does lightning happen?

upper part of cloud is (+)

lower part of cloud is & ground (-)

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how does air flow?

from high to low pressure

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hanging and foot walls

hanging (over head)

foot (you can walk on it)

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what caused the magnetic field around earth?

the rotation of the outer core (Liquid)

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Contour interval

the vertical distance in elevation b/t adjacent contour lines

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what are the different kinds of volcanoes?

spreading center fissure

shield volcanoes

stratovolcanoes

super volcanoes

flood basalts

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Spreading center fissure volcanoes

no silicon dioxide (peaceful eruptions)

very wide

<p>no silicon dioxide (peaceful eruptions)</p><p>very wide</p>
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navigational maps

like google or apple maps

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what are maps used for?

location, data, and understanding geography

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Love Waves

side to side motion

one of the last to arrive but cause the most shaking)

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Rayleigh Waves

up and down motion that feels like a ocean wave

one of the last to arrive and cause the most shaking

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natural hazard

it is a natural process that threatens humanity in some way either life, economic development etc

if it has happened before it can probably happen again

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natural disaster

natural process that has happened and affected humans

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basic map elements

Scales

Legend

X & Y axis

Color, etc.

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numeric scale

NO UNITS

tells you the distance on the map relative to the distance it is in real life
ex: 1 mi equals 100,000 inches or whatever unit

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graphical scale

a small ruler that can be used to convert distances covered on a map to real-world distances

<p>a small ruler that can be used to convert distances covered on a map to real-world distances</p>
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verbal scale

expresses distance in words
ex: 3 inch equals 10 miles

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small scale

`relatively zoomed out
has less detail

<p>`relatively zoomed out<br>has less detail</p>
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large scale

relatively zoomed in
more details

<p>relatively zoomed in<br>more details</p>
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topographic map

shows you elevation along with longitude and latitude

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longitude

east or west

goes -180 to 180

middle is called the prime meridian (0 degrees)

<p>east or west </p><p>goes -180 to 180</p><p>middle is called the prime meridian (0 degrees)</p>
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latitude

North to South

equator is 0 degrees

goes from -90 to 90

<p>North to South</p><p>equator is 0 degrees</p><p>goes from -90 to 90</p>
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chemical layers (the one we learned in middle school)

crust (2 types)
mantle (heavy dense rock)
core (iron)
sorted by density, heaviest elements near center

<p>crust (2 types)<br>mantle (heavy dense rock)<br>core (iron)<br>sorted by density, heaviest elements near center</p>
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mechanical layers

lithosphere (rocky)
asthenosphere (plastic)
mesosphere (rigid)
outer core (liquid)
inner core (solid)

<p>lithosphere (rocky)<br>asthenosphere (plastic)<br>mesosphere (rigid)<br>outer core (liquid)<br>inner core (solid)</p>
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oceanic crust

Earths crust located under the ocean
usually thinner
more dense than the other crust

<p>Earths crust located under the ocean<br>usually thinner <br>more dense than the other crust</p>
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continental crust

The portion of the earth's crust
primarily contains granite
less dense than other crust
usually thicker

<p>The portion of the earth's crust<br>primarily contains granite<br>less dense than other crust<br>usually thicker</p>
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divergent plate boundaries

pull apart from each other
spreading center

<p>pull apart from each other<br>spreading center</p>
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convergent plate boundaries

2 plates coming together
subduction zone

<p>2 plates coming together<br>subduction zone</p>
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transform plate boundaries

slide past each other

<p>slide past each other</p>
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Evidence for plate tectonics

shape of continents
rocks of mountain belts
climate indicators and fossils
earthquakes, volcanoes, and hot spot volcanism
seafloor magnetization

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hot spot volcanoes

starts off with hot material that starts on surface and over time, as hot spot stays stationary, plate moves over hot spot (kills old volcano and makes a new one)

<p>starts off with hot material that starts on surface and over time, as hot spot stays stationary, plate moves over hot spot (kills old volcano and makes a new one)</p>
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3 V's of volcano hazards

viscosity
volatiles
volume

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viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flowing
higher viscosity is caused by silicon dioxide

more viscosity (worse eruption)

<p>A liquid's resistance to flowing<br>higher viscosity is caused by silicon dioxide</p><p>more viscosity (worse eruption)</p>
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volume

size of magma chamber
more magma=more erupted material

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volatiles

dissolved gas in fluids