AP European History Unit 3

Study hard and good luck

Divine Right of Kings

I am king because god made me king. You are peasant because god made you peasant.

Great Chain of Being

Structure of all beings of life from god, all the way down to plant matter.

Jean Bodin

Guy that said that sovereignty is limited by natural and divine law

Thomas Hobbes

Humans are naturally bad, and a buff central government needs to control them

James I

The bread of the Cromwell sandwich. He is picked by Parliament, immediately says that HE should control Parliament. Parliament says no, tries to take control anyway (Ship money) + wants to annihilate the Calvinists, everybody hates him, he dies.

Charles I

The other thing in the sandwich? Marries a catholic, which annoys Protestants. Parliament still has a grudge from the guy before him, and says that until the Petition of Rights is passed, they will not align with him. Man says no, starts a war, provokes Parliament, civil war, head cut off.

The English Civil War

The war that happened when Charles I refused to sign the Petition of Rights and raised an army to take control. Parliament raised an army too and defeated Charles.

Oliver Cromwell

The middle part of the sandwich. He was part of the civil war and figured out how to ride horsie bois. Makes parliament 1/3 anti-royalist, tried to invoke un-fun Puritan beliefs, and committed a light genocide of the irish. Just a dictator

The Restoration

AND WE ARE BACK TO THE STUARTS

Charles II

Just Chill
Avoids annoying Parliament
Not really religious
No heir → goofball brother becomes king

James II

Other bread.
Openly Catholic
Promoted Catholics to positions of power

The Glorious Revolution

Parliament went to war against James II for being Catholic. Bill of Rights → Rights and Privileges outlining rights of Parliament and the citizens
Constitutional Monarchy

William III

Cue the random Dutch Protestant.
raises army, sails to England
James II surrenders immediately

Louis XIII

King who "led" the siege of la rochelle to stop the huguenots. He also worked to stop talented artists from leaving France to go to Italy.

Didn’t really do his job though

Cardinal Richelieu

The Machiavellian Cardinal whose life mission was to make French King the sole power

The Fronde

Last noble organization against King fails

→ nobles get to keep special privileges

Nobles agree → on the side of the King

Louis XIV

French King who wanted to conquer as much as possible

Raison d’etat

reason of state (government should use its power to strengthen the government)

Versailles

Louis XIV spent basically 1/4th of France's money on the palace. Guess why France was in crippling debt.

Colbert

One of Louis XIV's minister guys. he was the money guy. Master of Mercantilist Policies → control trade to expand state revenue
Increase taxes on everything + improves tax collection (entendents)
Boost trade and manufacturing (create more stuff to tax)
TAX TAX TAX TAX TAX TAX TAX

Louvois

One of Louis XIV's minister guys. he was the army guy.
Turns France into the first modern, professional army
- Standing Army
- Trained Noble officers
- 300,000 men

Cardinal Mazarin

The guy who ended the 30 years war through treaty of westphalia. such a cool guy

The War of Spanish Succession

Goal → Put French noble on Spanish Throne
After Charles II (really inbred) died

Ultimately French Defeat

Absolutism

unlimited central authority and absolute sovereign power

Intendants

Louis XIV's guys who were high ranking official bois

Baroque Art

grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, dynamism, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts

so cool

Peter-Paul Rubens

Baroque Artist guy

Velazquez

Drew peasant guys, so fun

The Edict of Fontainebleau

Basically Louis XIV making the smart decision to revoke the Edict of Nantes

Balance of power

When the world shifts from Spain + Portugal to France + Britain + Austria + Prussia + Also Russia

The Anglo-Dutch Wars

War fought over money, prestige and political rivalries in England. The Dutch Won

What factors led to the expansion of state power during the 17th century?

Mercantilism, trading, etc.

Francis Bacon

Philosopher who said "scientific knowledge must come from the careful observation of nature filtered through inductive reasoning" --> you can't just make stuff up my guy

Knowledge is Power

Rene Descartes

The guy that gave me an existential life crisis - maybe we can't trust anything, including our senses

Nicholas Copernicus

Guy said maybe...maybe the sun is in the middle and NOT the Earth.

Tycho Brahe

He said, nah, the earth is DEFINITLY in the middle

Johannes Kepler

discovered that the Earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits

Galileo

Man who pioneered the use of the telescope. Oh yeah, also did physics and whatnot.

Isaac Newton

Apple man. He basically founded calculus with his Principia Mathematica

Paracelsus

pioneered the use of minerals and other chemicals in medicine. (including mercury, but we don't talk about that)

Andreas Vesalius

one of the first physicians to accurately record and illustrate human anatomy...using dissections

William Harvey

first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea.

Aristotelian Universe

Earth was the center of the universe and that the Sun, Moon, planets, and all the fixed stars revolved around it.

Heliocentric Model

The solar system with the sun in the middle. --> Copernicus

The New Science

Natural laws
Mathematics
“Modern Scientific Method”
Skepticism

Astrology

Scorpio, Virgo, etc.

Academy of Science

The French Academy of...well science

Inductive

Specific premises --> general conclusion

Deductive

general premises --> specific conclusion

Alchemy

Basically old chemistry

Reasoning

According to google, "the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way."

What made new approaches to science more effective in the 1500s

New tools, heliocentric model,
Learned to stop trusting tradition
→ Black Death (Why are we dying? IDK)
→ Wars of Religion + difference in interpreting scriptures (Why is something happening? IDK, the Bible)
→ Voyages of Exploration (Europeans did not know much about anything)

The Enlightenment

Time period - the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition 1688 (Glorious Revolution - 1789 (French Revolution)

John Locke

Mtsu.edu - "___ pioneered the ideas of natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution"

Salons

Where wealthy people would hang out with thinkers to learn and talk about stuff

Montesquieu

Separation of powers guy :)
Noble of the Robe (Liberal…)
French
Judge + Wrote books in spare time

Fictional critique of France guy

(oh yeah, also the racist climate stuff)

Voltaire

General Enlightenment Fanboy
Witty, Popularizer of enlightenment thought
Making enlightenment ideas obvious and non-enlightenment ideas seem stupid
“Bill-Nye”

Kinda hates france and loves england

Diderot

Encyclopedie man

Openly Atheist + Continued to publish illegal books = jail for a portion of life

Rousseau

Most overrated?
Probably the worst person
Won a big essay contest -

State of nature, noble savage, private property, social contract, etc.

Beccaria

Said that maybe torture and capital punishment isn't a good thing

Encyclopedie

Diderot's collection of basically everything of the time period

The French Enlightenment

See the problem, flush the problem
Most radical of the three enlightenments → focused on political problems
Hyper-Critical of French Society, Catholic Church, Aristocracy, and Monarchy

The Scottish Enlightenment

English and Scottish Enlightenment thinkers are pretty chill in politics
Freedom of speech
Representation
Freedom of the press

Observation over theory

David Hume

Radical Empiricist and Skeptic
You can’t know most important things
- Morality
- God
- Metaphysics

You can know about nature and history though

Empiricism

observation over theory

Common in Scottish + English Enlightenment

Adam Smith

Adam Smith is not a republican
Adam Smith does not believe in unregulated capitalism

Mercantilism

capture and control as much territory as possible

Physiocrats

said that the main purpose of government economic policy should be to grow the economy

Utilitarianism

Hedonist: Pleasure = Good and Pain = Bad
Hedonistic Calculus →
total pleasure caused - total pain caused = total value of the action
:0

Mary Wollstonecraft

A WOMAN.
Women should have rights. And why. She wrote books on it.
People believed that women were less intelligent than men

The German Enlightenment

What is reality...?
Centered in the Universities and princely courts
If you published anything that was anti-monarchy, then you would lose your job immediately

Immanuel Kant

Reaction to Humean Skepticism
What can we actually know about the world?
Our minds create perceived reality

Deism

Belief in a creator or someone greater than the world itself; like God

Jacquez Louis David

Values over personal interest
Oath of the Horacii
Death of Socretes

Ignore your wives and unalive yourself

Rococo

Basically slapping any gold decorations on decorations on decorations

Neoclassicism

Emphasis on Simplicity

A return to the Renaissance: Balance and Proportion


People are actually doing things in the paintings

Olympe de Gouges

ANOTHER WOMAN.
Pro…
Women’s rights
Children’s rights
Government welfare for sick, old, poor (including government jobs)

Gets head chopped off though

Germaine de Stael

ANOTHER ANOTHER WOMAN.
Essayist + Political thinker
Pro
Women's rights
Nationalism

You can’t have popular sovereignty until the people pick the government
France should pick their ruler
Says that Germany is one country
Napoleon did not like her and she hated him too

17th-century roots of the enlightenment

the humanism of the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation.

Peter the Great

RUSSIAN LEADER
Peter successfully changed the identity of the Russian Elite
No longer Mongol-esque people
Now sophisticated Russian elite
Most people were still medieval (poor poor poor poor)
Peter takes the first step

Trade in Russia increases SIGNIFICANTLY after St. Petersburg was established

St. Petersberg

The new capital after Peter won war with Sweden of all places. This capital opened up trade with the rest of Europe

The Great Northern War

The fight that Russia picked with Sweden for a good territory to trade
a.k.a St. Petersberg

Westernization

Russia being fanboys of western Europe

Catherine the Great

After 6 incompetent leaders (including her husband), took power.
Rationalization without democratization
Reform of legal code
Division of Russian into governmental units controlled by elected noblemen
Advocates for more humane government (doesn’t happen)

Charter of Nobility (1785)
Wants the Nobles to have more power

Educational Reforms

Immigration and internal colonization

Peter III

Catherine's incompetent husband. He pulled Russia out of the 7-years war even though they were about to win. Was murdered by his wife

Pugachev’s Rebellion

Kazaks start running around and declare that Pugachev is Peter III
Widespread peasant unrest
Takes over swathes of Southwest Russia
Crushed by Czarist forces

The House of Hohenzollern

A line of really, insanely good leaders
Frederick William the Great Elector: 1640-1688
Frederick I “King in Prussia”: 1688-1713
Frederick William I “The Soldier King”: 1713-1740
Frederick II “The Great”: 1740-1786

Frederick William the Great Elector

First in the chain of "Fredericks". Inherits Brandenburg, wants THE most powerful military, and makes Prussia a tiny country with a stupidly large military.

Frederick I

First official "King in Prussia." Expands Prussia using the fancy army that his dad left behind.

Frederick William I

"The Soldier King." Spends 70% of revenue on just the military. Surprisingly, never went into war. Also was a terrible dad.

Frederick II

The gay one. Used massive inspiration from western cultures. Viewed war as a chess game. Doubled Prussia's size with the military that the other Fredericks gave him.

The War of Austrian Succession

The Austrian Habsburgs didn't have a male heir. So the countries (except Prussia) decided that having a female heir isn't the end of the world. The moment the girl went on the throne, Frederick II invaded Austria. This was really risky. Oh, yeah, this marks the beginning of Austria's loathing of Prussia. Silesia goes to Prussia

The Seven-Years War

World War 0. Great Britain hates France, Austria hates Prussia. France and Austria ally while Britain and Prussia ally. War was in three different places - Germany, Americas, India.

Sanssouci

Frederick II's palace. Much Rococo

Junkers

If you make Prussia mad, then these fancy guys will come to kill you.

Austrian Netherlands

Wikipedia - "was the territory of the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire between 1714 and 1797. The period began with the Austrian acquisition of the former Spanish Netherlands under the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714 and lasted until Revolutionary France"

Maria Theresa

The girl who got invaded after inheriting the Austrian Throne. Hey, she got rid of serfdom, so that must add up to something.

Joseph II

HRE son of Maria Theresa

"He ordered the abolition of serfdom; by the Edict of Toleration he established religious equality before the law, and he granted freedom of the press."

The Diplomatic Revolution

Twin Rivalries
Austria and Prussia
Britain and France

A reversal of Relations
Prussia Expansion

Britain and Prussia vs France, Austria and Russia

The Partition of Poland

Poland has just been sitting there ever since the 1200s or something
Russia annexes large chunks of Poland along with Prussia and Austria
Warsaw becomes 3rd biggest city in Russia (tons of educated Europeans)
Brought into direct contact with major European Powers