Juvenile Delinquency Exam 1

chapters 1, 2, 11

How do you define at risk youth?

Young people who are extremely vulnerable to negative consequences of school, failure, substance and early sexuality

List the 7 primary issues impacting juveniles?

1- child poverty

2- inadequate health care/ health problems

3- parental separation/ divorce

4- foster care system

5- inadequate education

6-child abuse/ neglect

7-social media/ internet

What is the most effective prevention strategy against adult poverty?

High School education and GED

What is bullying?

The repeated negative act committed by one or more juvenile against another. Bullying can be verbal, psychological, physical, social, or virtual. Bullying may include hitting, kicking teasing, taunting, manipulating friendships and purposely excluding from activies.

What is cyberbullying?

The willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text.

What is cyberstalking?

The use of the internet, e-mail, or other electronic communication devices to stalk another person.

What is sexting?

Sending explicit photos, image, text, messages, or emails via phone or other mobile device.

define Parens Patriae

The power of the state to act on behalf of the child and provide the care and protection equivalent to that of a parent.

What is the Child Savers?

Nineteenth Century reformers, who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system.

What is the Illinois Juvenile Court Act? What are some accomplishment?

-major event in the juvenile justice movement

-it established juvenile delinquency as a legal concept

-it established a separate court and probation program for children

-distinction between children who are neglected and those who were delinquent

What are two major functions of the juvenile justice system?

1-prevent juvenile crime

2-rehabilitate juvenile offernders

What is the landmark of the United States Supreme Court and why?

1967 Re Gault- conferred due process rights to juveniles

What happened in Re Gault?

Gerald Gault’s constitutional rights were violated. The United Supreme Court affirmed that juveniles are entitled to constitutional due process protections.

In re Gault instilled in juvenile justice proceedings the right to due
process standards at the pretrial, trial, and post-trial stages of the
juvenile court process

What is juvenile delinquency?

Juvenile delinquency is the participation in illegal behavior by a
minor who falls under a statutory age limit.

List the two distinct categories of the juvenile justice system exercises

1) Delinquent Offenders
2) Status Offenders

What is a delinquent offender?

A delinquent offender is a juvenile who falls under the
jurisdictional age limit and commits an act that violates the penal
code. A juvenile who has been adjudicated by a judicial officer of
a juvenile court as having committed a delinquent act.

What is a status offender?

A status offender is a juvenile who is subject to state authority by
reason of having committed an act forbidden to youth and illegal
solely because the juvenile is underage (e.g., running away or
being truant from school).

What is a petition?

Document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is
delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent and asking the court
to assume jurisdiction over the juvenile.

Who can file a petition?

Juveniles can be petitioned to the juvenile court by:
1) Police
2) Parents (or family members)
3) Social Service Agency (e.g., welfare professionals)
4) School officials

When does juvenile crimes occur?

Most juvenile crimes are committed right after the
dismissal of school, between the hours of 3:00 p.m. and
6:00 p.m.

What is a detention hearing?

A hearing by a judicial officer of a jjuvenile court to determine if a juvenile should be detained
or released while proceedings are pending in the case.

A waiver, bindover, or removal is defined as?

The legal jurisdiction of some offenses committed by juveniles to the adult criminal court for prosecution

When does most juvenile crime occur?

juvenile crimes are committed right after the
dismissal of school, between the hours of 3:00 p.m. and
6:00 p.m.

What are the six stages in the juvenile justice procedure?

1) Police Investigation
2) Detention
3) Pretrial Procedures
4) Adjudication
5) Disposition
6) Treatment

What is the pretrial procedure for a juvenile?

In most jurisdictions, the adjudication process begins with
some type of hearing. At this hearing, the juvenile court
rules typically require that juveniles be informed of their
rights.

The case will often not be further adjudicated if the juvenile
admits to the crime at the initial hearing.

If the juvenile denies the allegation of delinquency, an
adjudicatory hearing (or trial) is scheduled.

What is an adjudication procedure for a juvenile?

An Adjudicatory hearing is the fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition.

• This is the trial stage of the juvenile court.

Adjudication
• Juveniles are entitled to due process rights at the
adjudicatory hearing. Those rights include the following:
• Right to an attorney
• Right to confront and cross-examine witness
• Right to be free from self-incrimination

What is the disposition stage for a juvenile case?

For juvenile offenders, it is the equivalent of
sentencing for adult offenders.

• Juvenile dispositions should be more rehabilitative than
punitive or retributive

Describe the treatment stage for juveniles?

Delinquent

offenders may be placed in some form of
correctional treatment.

• Probation is the most common formal sentence imposed on juvenile offenders.

• Many states require that a juvenile fails on probation before being sent to an institution unless the criminal act is extremely serious.

• The most severe of the statutory dispositions, sending juveniles to an institution

what distinguishes delinquency prevention from delinquency control?

prevention typically does not involve the juvenile justice system.

Define Risk Factor

A negative factor in an individual’s life that increases
the future risk of a delinquent act

Risk factors are characteristics at the biological, psychological, family, or community level that are often associated with an ncreased likelihood of negative outcomes (e.g., factors in an individual’s life that may put the individual at greater risk for involvement in the criminal justice system)

What is a protective factor?

A positive factor in an individual’s life
that decreases the risk of a delinquent act being
committed.

• Protective Factors are characteristics that are associated
with a lower likelihood of negative outcomes or that reduce
the impact of a risk factor. These are the positive factors
that exist in an individual’s life that have a protective
impact on the individual

List the four factors the juvenile court typically considers when deciding whether to waive a juvenile case to
adult criminal court for prosecution

• 1) Type of offense
• 2) Prior criminal record
• 3) Availability of services
• 4) Likelihood that the juvenile will be rehabilitated in the
juvenile court system

What are the three primary sources of crime data?

1) Uniform Crime Report (UCR)—Compiled by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation

2) The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics

3) Self-Report Surveys (also known as Offender
Surveys)

What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

• Uniform Crime Report (UCR)—Compiled by the Federal
  Bureau of Investigation, it is the most widely used source of
  national crime and delinquency statistics.

• The FBI compiles information gathered by police
departments on the number of criminal acts reported to
law enforcement and the number of persons arrested. The
information is then published annually in the Uniform
Crime Report.

How are crimes cleared?

1. When at least one person has been arrested, charged, and turned over to the court for prosecution.

2. By exceptional means, when some element beyond the control of the police precludes or prevents the arrest of a suspect

Define disaggregated?

Analyzing the relationship between two or more
independent variables (e.g., murder convictions and death sentences)
while controlling for the influence of a dependent variable (e.g., race).

The UCR arrest statistics are disaggregated (broken down) by the suspect’s age, and, therefore, they can be used to estimate trends in juvenile delinquency

What is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is a comprehensive nationwide survey of victimization in the United States that is conducted annually by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. It provides information about victims, offenders, and crime

Which of the eight Index Offenses is not included in the NCVS?

Homicide is not included in the NCVS, because the victim is
deceased.

What is Self-Report Surveys (also known as Offender Surveys)?

Questionnaires or surveys that ask subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts.

What does the future hold for juveniles?

Most self-report studies indicate that the number of juveniles who break the law is far greater than official statistics would lead us to
believe.

• A great deal of juvenile delinquency is unknown to the police.

• These unrecorded delinquent acts are referred to as the dark figures of crime

What are dark figures of crime?

Unrecorded incidents of crime and delinquency that go undetected by the police.

Define the Aging-Out Process?

The tendency for juveniles to reduce the
frequency of their offending behavior as they age. Aging out is thought to occur among all groups of offenders.

Define the Age of Onset?

The age at which juveniles begin their delinquent
careers. Early onset is believed to be linked with chronic offending

Who are career criminals?

Juveniles who become involved in delinquent acts at a very early age (known as the age of onset) are the most likely to become career criminals

Delinquency experts have identified the following reasons for the aging out process:

As juvenile delinquents mature, they become more aware of the risks and consequences that accompany crime

What are chronic offenders?

As juvenile delinquents mature, they become more aware of the risks and consequences that accompany crime

Although most juveniles age out of crime (desistence), a relatively small number of juveniles begin to violate the law early in their lives (early onset) and continue at a high rate well into adulthood (persistence).

According to this view, a relatively small number of juveniles
commit a significant percentage of crimes, and many of these offenders grow up to become chronic adult criminals.

Two factors that stand out as contributing to recidivism are:

1) The seriousness of the original offense
2) The severity of punishment

Does the severity of the juvenile offending or the frequency of the criminal behavior have the greatest impact on adult criminality?

Researchers have found that the severity of the juvenile offending rather than the frequency of the criminal behavior has the greatest impact on adult criminality.

Define Continuity of Crime

The idea that chronic juvenile offenders are likely to continue violating the law as adults.