First G.A. (Origin of the Universe and the Solar System)

Science of Earth

Geology

Science of Atmosphere

Meteorology

Science of the Universe

Astronomy

Science of Oceans

Ocreanography

The narrative from Genesis which states that everything we have at present came from a superior being called God or Deity. Basis is the Bible. Beliefs of people.

Creation Myth

• Hindu text which describes the universe as OSCILLATING in which a “cosmic egg” or Brahmanda containing the whole universe expands out of a single point called Bindu and will eventually collapse again. 

• The debris of the collapse is what makes up the universe.

Rigveda

Anaxagoras believed that the original state of the cosmos was a primordial mixture of all its ingredients which existed in infinitesimally small fragments themselves.

Primordial Universe Theory

• Leucippus and Democritus believed that the universe was composed of very small, indivisible, and indestructible atoms. All reality and all objects are composed of these atoms.

• Proposed by John Dalton.

Atomic Universe

1. All matter are made up of atoms.

2. Atom is the smallest unit of matter.

3. Atoms are indivisible and cannot be created nor destroyed.

3 Postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory

Greek philosophers Aristotle and Ptolemy propose that the Earth stayed motionless in the heavens and everything revolves around it.

Geocentric Universe

Geo means…

Earth

Centric means…

Centre

Helio means…

sun

• Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the motion of celestial bodies could be explained without putting Earth at the center of the universe.

Heliocentric Universe

•Alexander Friedman and Georges Lamaitre, 1920.

•13.7 BYA  - there was nothing.

•GREAT EXPLOSION OCCURED

•Space, time, matter, and energy in all directions.

•Tiny compact point - SINGULARITY

  BIG BANG Theory

Tiny compact point

Singularity

• Gravitational Forces

• Electromagnetism

• Strong Interaction

• Weak interaction

4 Fundamental Forces

1. Inflationary Epoch (10-35s)

2. Formation of UNIVERSE (10-6s)

3. Basic elements FORMATION (3s)

4. Radiation Era (10,000 yrs.)

5. Matter domination (300,000 yrs.)

6. Stars and Galaxies (300M yrs.)

TimeLine of Big Bang:

Expansion of the universe.

Inflationary Epoch

quarks, electrons, photons, neutrinos.

Formation of UNIVERSE

Protons + Neutrons to form H+ nuclei. H+ nucleic began to combine to form He nucleic.

 “Nucleosynthesis”

Basic elements FORMATION

Formed the cosmic microwave backround radiation --> radiation left over from early development of the universe.

Radiation Era

Lithium began to be formed. Electrons joined with H and He nuclei to make small neutral atoms.

Matter domination

• Areas of gas became denser and then collapsed resulting to ignition.

• This huge clouds of gas will give birth to more stars and group of stars will form GALAXIES.

Stars and Galaxies

Galaxies move away from each other

Redshift

1. FLATNESS

2. HORIZON

3. MONOPOLE

Three PROBLEMS with the Big Bang

The Bigbang Theory says that there should be curvature as time grows but the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) revealed that the geometry of the universe is nearly FLAT.

FLATNESS

Based on the Bigbang expansion, distant regions of space in opposite directions of the sky are so far apart that they could never have been in contact with each other. BUT the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature uniformity shows that they must have been in contact in the past.

HORIZON

The Bigbang Theory predicted the production of heavy stable magnetic monopoles in the early universe BUT at present, there were no observable magnetic monopoles.

MONOPOLE

•Proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhart, and Andy Albrecht which offered SOLUTIONS to the problems of the Big Bang Theory.

•Proposes that there was a period of exponential expansion prior to the “Big bang expansion”. During the rapid expansion, the size of the universe increased by a factor of approx. 10²⁶ in only a fraction of a second.

Inflation Theory

•Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle, 1948

•Is a view that the universe is ALWAYS expanding but maintaining a CONSTANT average density.

•Matter being continuously created to form new stars and galaxies at the same rate that old ones become unobservable as a consequence of their increasing distance and velocity of recession.

Steady State Theory

•Our universe can be the first of a possible series of universes or it can be the nth universe in the series.

•The cyclic universe theory is a model of cosmic evolution according to which the universe undergoes endless cycles of expansion and cooling, each beginning with a “big bang” and ending in a “big crunch”.

Oscillating Universe Theory

• Russian-American Physicist Andrei Linde developed this theory from the inflation theory.

• This theory sees the universe as one of the many BUBBLES that grew as part of a multiverse.

• American physicists Hugh Everett and Bryce DeWitt had popularized the concept of “many worlds” structure of he universe in the 1960s and 1970s.

Multiverse Theory

Proposed by George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) which states that the planets were formed by the COLLISION of the SUN with a giant COMET. Resulting debris formed into PLANETS.

Buffon's Collision Theory

Proposed by Sir James Hopwood Jeans and Harold Jeffreys which states that the planets were formed from the substance that were torn out of the sun when a massive STAR passed near the sun. The materials condensed to form the PLANETS.

Jeans Jeffrey's Tidal Theory

Based on the ideas of Descartes, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827) which  suggested that a great cloud of gas and dust called NEBULA begins to collapse because of gravitational pull.

As the cloud contracts, it spun more raidly forming a bulge at the center that will later be the SUN. As the nebula collapses further, local regions contract on their own due to gravity and there will  form the PLANETS.

Kant - Laplace Nebular Theory

The Solar System was formed as a result of condensation of HYDROGEN gas and dust called as INTERSTELLAR GAS and DUST CLOUD.

Solar Nebular/Protoplanet Theory

Due to the explosion of star called as ________, the cloud began to collapse (due to gravity) forming the sun and the planets.

          -The present working model for the formation of the Solar system.

SUPERNOVA

Formed from first stage of accretion of grain sized particles from the nebula.

PLANETISIMALS

Massive objects that are formed from the coalescing planetesimals.

Additional Information

PROTOPLANETS

made up of rocks and are sometimes called “MINOR PLANETS”

Asteroids

First asteroid

Ceres

asteroids perturbed out of the asteroid belt and may come close to Earth.

Near-Earth Asteroids

composed mainly of Ice (Frozen water and gas)

Comets

outermost region of the solar system. Region where HALLEY'S COMET came from.

Kuiper Belt

farther than Kuiper Belt

Oort Cloud

“Earth-like” planets or sometimes referred as “inner planets”.

Composed mostly of dense, rocky, and metallic materials.

Have a molten heavy metal core, few moons, and topological features such as valleys, volcanoes and craters.

Terrestrial Planets

“Jupiter-like” planets or “gas planets”

-Made up mostly of Hydrogen and Helium.

Jovian Planets

•Orbits the sun

•Has sufficent mass for its self gravity

•Is not a Satellite

•HAS NOT CLEARED THE NEIGHBORHOOD AROUND IT.

Thus, Pluto is classified by International Astronomical Union(IAU) as aDWARF PLANET just like ERIS, CERES, HAUMEA and MAKEMAKE.

PLUTO

essential in Earth system

Matter and Energy

In which the boundary prevents the system from exchanging either matter or energy with its surroundings.

Isolated System

• Exchange of matter and energy.

• Is one that can exchange both energy and matter across its boundary.

Open System

• In which the boundary permits the exchange of energy, but not matter, with the surroundings.

• The Earth's System.

Closed System

comprises the solid Earth and includes both Earth’s surface and the various layers of the Earth's interior.

Geosphere

a gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth and constitutes the transition between it and the vacuum of space.

Atmosphere

includes all water on Earth (including surface water and groundwater)

Hydrosphere

 the life zone of the Earth and includes all living organisms, and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed.

Biosphere

-The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air, which we call the ___________.

The Atmosphere

• Troposphere

• Stratosphere -most important.

• Mesosphere - where meteorites light up.

• Thermosphere- Where Aurora Borealis happens.

4 Unique Layers of the Atmosphere

most important layer of the atmosphere

Stratosphere

where meteorites light up.

Mesosphere

 Where Aurora Borealis happens.

Thermosphere

outermost region that isn’t considered as fully part of the atmosphere

Exosphere

is between the stratosphere and the Troposphere.- Protects us from sun radiation.

The ozone layer

• contains all the water found on our planet.

•  Water found on the surface of our planet includes the ocean as well as water from lakes and rivers, streams, and creeks.

•  Water found under the surface of our planet includes water trapped in the soil and groundwater.

•  Water found in our atmosphere includes water vapor.

•  Frozen water on our planet includes ice caps and glaciers.

•  Only about 3% of the water on Earth is “fresh” water, and about 70% of the fresh water is frozen in the form of glacial ice.

• Subcomponents of _____________are connected via the hydrologic cycle.

Hydrosphere

The atmosphere supplies oxygen and carbon dioxide that form the basis of life processes (photosynthesis and respiration).

Biosphere

-The ___________is the “life zone” of the Earth, and includes all living organisms (including humans), and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed.

- The __________is structured into a hierarchy known as the food chain (all life is dependant on the first tier – mainly the primary producers that are capable of photosynthesis).

- Energy and mass is transferred from one level of the food chain to the next.

Biosphere

-The geosphere is the solid Earth that includes the continental and ocean crust as well the various layers of Earth’s interior.

 -94% of the Earth is composed of the elements oxygen, silicon, and magnesium.

- The geopsphere is not static (unchanging), but its surface (crust) is in a constant state of motion.

 - Mineral resources are mined from the geosphere.

GEOSPHERE