Endocrine Drugs

Which gland secrete three hormones essential for proper regulation of metabolism and is involved in many bodily processes, growth, body temperature regulation, cardiovascular, endocrine and neuromuscular functions?

Thyroid Gland

Which three hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

T3, T4, and Calcitonin

_____________ from the diet is responsible for the synthesis of thyroglobulin

Iodine

The pituitary gland secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) that stimulates the thyroid to break down ___________ into T3 and T4 and is released into the circulation

Thyroglobulin

Deficiency in the thyroid hormones...

Hypothyroidism

The level of hypothyroidism that results from an abnormality in the thyroid gland itself...

Primary Hypothyroidism

The level of hypothyroidism that results when the pituitary gland is dysfunctional and does not secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone...

Secondary Hypothyroidism

The level of hypothyroidism that results when the hypothalamus gland does not secrete thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which, in turn, reduces TSH and thyroid hormone levels...

Tertiary Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism during youth resulting in low metabolic rate, retarded growth, sexual development, and possibly slowed mental abilities...

Cretinism

Hypothyroidism during adulthood resulting in decreased metabolic rate, loss of mental and physical stamina, weight gain, loss of hair, firm edema, and yellow dullness of the skin...

Myxedema

Hypothyroidism resulting in enlargement of the thyroid gland due to overstimulation by elevated levels of TSH due to little or no thyroid hormone in circulation...

Goiter

Common symptoms of hypothyroidism...

Common symptoms
Thickened skin
Hair loss
Constipation
Lethargy
Anorexia
Intolerance to cold

The most common thyroid medication, synthetic thyroid hormone T4...

Levothyroxine

Synthetic thyroid hormone T3...

Lyothyronine

Thyroid preparations are given to replace what the thyroid gland cannot produce to achieve normal thyroid levels, also known as...

Euthyroid

Thyroid drugs work the same way as _____________ thyroid hormones

Endogenous

What are some indications for thyroid drugs?

What are some side effects of levothyroxine?

Hyperthyroidism, also known as ___________ disease results in an overall increased metabolism...

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Three treatment options for hyperthyroidism...

Which agents are used to palliate hyperthyroidism and prevent the surge in thyroid hormones that occurs after the surgical treatment or during radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Antithyroid drugs can cause toxicity in which two places?

What are some nursing implications for antithyroid drugs?

Symptoms of overdose of thyroid hormones include...

What is often regarded as a syndrome rather than a disease and has two types?

Insulin dependent type of diabetes...

Obesity related type of diabetes...

Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions and secretes two hormones?

Insulin is released from _________ cells

Glucagon is released from __________ cells

Type ____ diabetes there is a lack of insulin, type ______ diabetes involves insulin resistance...

Hyperglycemia is a blood sugar level of ____ mmol/L and higher after not eating for 8 hours

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level of _______ mmol/L and lower at anytime

Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus...

Which type of diabetes results from the loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans and required exogenous insulin?

Complications of type 1 diabetes include... (3)

What results from a blood pH of

Are oral antihyperglycemic agents effective in type 1 diabetes?

Which type of diabetes results from insulin deficiency and insulin resistance; receptors decline in number or responsiveness, and is the most common type?

The cluster of co-occuring conditions of increased abdominal obesity, increased triglycerides, and increased BP; strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes...

___________ worsens insulin resistance because adipose tissue is the site of large proportions of the body's defective insulin receptors

A HbA1c of 6.0 to 6.4%, fasting plasma glucose levels higher than or equal to 6.1mmol/L but less than 6.9mmol/L and impaired glucose test are all indicators for...

The glycemic goal of treatment is a HbA1c of less than _____% and fasting blood glucose goal for diabetic patients 4-7mmol/L and a 2 hour postprandial (after eating) target of 5-10mmol/L

Does type 1 diabetes always require insulin?

What are some non-pharmacological treatment interventions for type 2 diabetes?

Two types of antidiabetic agents...

Aspart and lispro are __________ acting insulins...

Regular, Humulin R, and Toronto are all __________ acting insulins...

Humulin N and NPH are both ___________ acting insulins...

Glargine and lente are both ____________ acting insulins...

Humulog, Humulin 30/70, and 20/80 are all _____________ insulin products...

What is the onset, peak, and duration for rapid acting insulins?

The patient must eat a meal after the administration of a rapid acting insulin? (true or false)

The action of which insulin is similar to that of endogenous insulin?

Insulin can be given subcutaneously or via continuous subcutaneous infusion pump but not...

What is the onset, peak, and duration of short acting insulins?

What is the onset, peak, and duration of intermediate acting insulin?

Which insulin is normally cloudy in appearance and is often combined with regular insulin?

What is the onset, peak, and duration for long acting insulins?

Which insulins are clear and colourless solutions used to maintain constant level of insulin in the body, usually dosed once daily but can be dosed every 12 hours, and is also referred to as basal insulin?

Which insulins will have 2 onsets, 2 peaks, and 2 durations; pharmacokinetics dependent on combination of insulins?

Insulin dosage is directly related to corresponding...

In the basal-bolus regime, the intermediate or long-acting dose is the ____________ and the fast or rapid acting dose is the __________

Which agents are used only in type 2 diabetes but may not be effective unless the client also makes behavioural or lifestyle changes?

The classe of drugs able to stimulate insulin secretion

The 2 classes of insulin secretagogues...

Which oral hypoglycemic agent decreases liver production of glucose, decrease glucose absorption in bowel and increase receptor sensitivity; metformin (Glucophage)?

Which oral antidiabetic agent have mainly GI side effects such as diarrhea, and abdominal pain; ex. Acarbose?

Which oral antidiabetic agents have limited use in Canada, may cause liver toxicity, ex. glitazones or Actos?

Which oral antihyperglycemic agent stimulates insulin secretion from the beta cells of the pancreas thus increasing insulin levels, forcing the extra glucose out of the blood into the cells where it can be stored and used for energy?

Beta cell function must be present for the use of which antihyperglycemic agents to improve sensitivity to insulin in tissues?

Which oral antihyperglycemic agents decrease production of glucose by the liver, increase uptake of glucose by tissues and does not increase insulin secretion from the pancreas therefore does not cause hypoglycemia?

Which oral antihyperglycemic agents reversibly inhibit the enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine resulting in delayed absorption of glucose and must be taken with meals to prevent excessive postprandial blood glucose elevations? (Acarbose/Precose)

Which oral antihyperglycemic agents decrease insulin resistance, increase glucose uptake and use in skeletal muscle and inhibit glucose and triglyceride production in the liver; "insulin sensitizing agents"?

What are some side effects of oral sulfonylureas (glyburide)?

What are some side effects of oral biguanides (metformin)

What are some side effects of oral alpha-glucosidase inhibitors? (3)

What are some side effects of oral thiazolidinediones (Actos)?

What are some nursing implications for antihyperglycemic agents?

Overall concerns for any diabetic client increase when the client...(4)

What should be included in client education of oral antihyperglycemics? (4)

What are some nursing implications for insulin?

What is the order when mixing insulins?

Insulins are mixed clear to cloudy or cloudy to clear?

What are some nursing implications for oral antihyperglycemics?

Symptoms of hypoglycemia?

What should be given when hypoglycemia occurs?

Which gland is an endocrine gland the size of a pea located at the base of the skull; divided into two lobes?

The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the...

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the...

The anterior pituitary gland secretes which four hormones and endorphins?

The posterior pituitary gland secretes which two hormones?

Cosyntropin, somatotropin, and octreotide are all ______________ pituitary agents

Vasopressin and desmopressin are both ______________ pituitary agents

What are some indications for pituitary agents? (3)

Which agents either augment or antagonize the natural effects of the pituitary hormones?

What are some indications for corticotropin?

Which pituitary agent mimics GH?

Which pituitary agent inhibits GH release?