THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATIONS

red blood cells

_____ blood cells are incapable of duplicating themselves, so they are disposable, being constantly replaced and remove from the situation

nerve cells

_____ cells can communicate with one another and with other types of cells using electrical and chemical signals

nerve cells

These cells can’t function if this is a size of a red blood cells

all

____ living cells are surrounded by a membrane

cell membrane

the ____ is a membrane composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein

phospholipids, cholesterol, protein

the cell membrane is composed of what ?

hydrophilic

water-loving

amphipathic

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

aqueous

human tissues are ___ (watery)

Extracellular fluid

____ is the fluid environment outside of the cell

interstitial fluid

____ is the term given to extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels

plasma

____ is an example of interstitial fluid

transmembrane protein

_____ is a protein that spans the membrane from its intracellular to extracellular side

channel protein

_____ protein is an example of transmembrane protein because it allows the selection of material, such as ions, in and out of the cell

receptors

_____ are also an example of transmembrane protein found in the extracellular side of the membrane that can selectively bind a specific molecule outside the cell and translate it into a chemical reaction inside the cell

extracellular side

receptors are transmembrane protein found in the ______ side of the membrane

ligand

each receptor has a ____ that specific molecule that binds to and engages that receptor

ligand

what specific molecule does a receptor have that binds and translate this binding to a chemical reaction inside the cell ?

dopamine

_____ is an example of a neurotransmitter

glycoprotein

some transmembrane are ______

glycoprotein

____ is a protein that has a carbohydrate molecules attached to it

tags, cell recognition

an attached carbohydrate to a glycoprotein acts as ____ for cell ____

glycocalyx

many glycoproteins that form a coat is called ____

genetic makeup

the glycocalyces found in a person’s body is a product of that person’s ____

glycoprotein

____ is a protein that gives the cells their “identity” and “belongingness” in a person’s body

attack

the identity given by the glycoproteins are the primary way a person’s immune defense cells know not to ____ the the person’s own body cell

peripheral proteins

in contrast to the transmembrane proteins that spans the membrane, ____ are found in the interior or exterior of the membrane, but does not span the membrane

selectively permeable

the membrane is often referred to as _____ because it allows only substances that are relatively small and nonpolar to cross through the lipid bilayer

passive transport

_____ transport is the movement of substances across the membrane without the use of ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

What is the meaning of ATP ?

active transport

____ transport requires the use of ATP

concentration gradient

______ is the difference in concentration of a substance across a space

diffusion

____ is the movements of molecules from an area with higher concentration to lower concentration gradient

equilibrium

____ is the state where there’s no net movement in any direction

O2, CO2

some substances can easily diffuse like ____ and ___ because these molecules are small and nonpolar

CO2

cells produce ___ as a byproduct of metabolism

polar and ionic molecules

____ and ___ molecules, which are hydrophilic cannot pass easily pass through the cell membrane

facilitated diffusion

____ is the diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients using the assistance of transmembrane proteins

size and polarity

what are the factors considered in facilitated diffusion ?

glucose

one example of facilitated diffusion is the movement of ___ into the cell, where it is use to make ATP

glucose transporter

what do you call the specialized carrier protein that transport glucose inside the cell ?

osmosis

____ is the diffusion of water through the semipermeable membrane

lipid bilayer

what functions as the barrier between ICF and ECF ?

volume

an imbalance in water concentration of the cell can critically alter its ____

tonicity

the term ___ is used to describe the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid of the cell compared to the inside

isotonic solution

what do you call the concentration of water where molecules is same inside and outside of the cell ?

hypertonic solution

____ when concentration of water is higher in ECF than in ICF

hypotonic solution

____ solution is when the when water molecules tend to diffuse into the cell from the ECF

burst

hypotonic solution tend to ___ because of swelling in the inside of the cell

shrink

hypertonic solution tend to ___ because of the loss of water inside the cell

isosmotic

two solutions that have the same concentration of solution and solute are said to be ____

hypermosmotic

more solute than solution is called ____

hypoosmotic

less solute than solution

pumps

the proteins that are capable of moving molecules against their concentration gradients are typically called ____

sodium potassium pump, out, into

____ pump transport sodium ___ of the cell while moving potassium ___ the cell

3, 2

sodium potassium pump push out ___ sodium same time that it moves ___ potassium inside the cell

sodium, potassium

sodium potassium pump push out 3 ____ same time that it moves 2 ___ inside the cell

electrical gradient

____ is the difference in charge across the membrane

nerves and muscle cells

several cell types, especially ____ and ____ utilize electrical gradient to accomplish cellular work

secondary active transport

another common use of a gradient is to fuel ____

low to high concentration

active transport move molecules from ___ to ___ concentration

symporters

_____ are secondary active transport that moves two substances in the same direction

antiporters

_____ work similarly to a symporters, utilizing the concentration of one molecule to move one molecule against the concentration gradient

different directions

antiporters and symporters differ because they move two substances in ____ directions

endocytosis

_____ is the process of cell taking material in by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane , and then pinching off that cell, once pinched off, the membrane and its contents becomes an independent, intracellular membrane

vesicle

____ is a sac inside the cell, made up of the same lipid bilayer as the cellular membrane

phagocytosis

____ is where cells engulf and internalize large particles, such as microorganisms or cellular debris, forming a vesicle called a phagosome

phagocytosis

the job of ____ is to patrol body tissues for unwanted matter, such as invading bacterial cells

pinocytosis

cell-drinking, brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane-bound vesicle

receptor-mediated endocytosis

a more selective form of endocytosis is called ___

exocytosis

____ is the process of a cell exporting material by wrapping that material in a vesicle, and then fusing the vesicle with the plasma membrane