human anatomy exam 5

conduction portion of respiratory system

transport air

Respiratory portion of respiratory system

gas exchange

upper respiratory includes

nose and nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

main conducting airway for inhaled air

nose

nares

nostrils

nasal cavity includes

nasal septum and vestibule

nasal septum

separates nares

vestibule (nose)

area right inside nares

superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

form lateral walls for each cavity and clean air

paranasal sinuses

sinuses are air spaces that make the bones of the skull lighter in weight and are named after the bones in which they reside
- frontal
- ethmoidal
- sphenoidal
- maxillary

pharynx

throat

shared by the respiratory and digestive systems

pharynx

pharynx regions

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

the pharynx is lined w

a mucosa

nasopharynx

first region of pharynx

auditory tubes

opening found in lateral walls, goes from ears to nasal cavity

pharyngeal tonsil of nasopharynx

adenoids

oropharynx

2nd region of pharynx

nasopharynx is posterior to

nasal cavity

nasopharynx is superior to

soft palate

oropharynx is bounded superiorly by

soft palate

oropharynx is bounded inferiorly by

hyoid bone

tonsils in the oropharynx

palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils

palatine tonsils

tonsils embedded in lateral walls between

tonsil most often removed in tosilectomy

palatine tonsils

lingual tonsils

tonsil at the base of the tongue

laryngopharynx starts inferior to

hyoid bone

laryngopharynx extends to top of

esophagus

lower respiratory portions of NO gas exchange

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

lower respiratory sites of respiration

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

larynx

voice box

larynx connects

pharynx to trachea

epiglottis

spoon-shaped cartilage projection superiorly into pharynx

epiglottis raises to cover

larynx

epiglottis covers larynx when

eating/swallowing

Participates in sneeze and cough reflexes

larynx

produces sound for speech

larynx

thyroid cartilage

superior and largest cartilage

cricoid cartilage

inferior and smaller cartilage

rima glottidis

opening between vocal cords

glottis consists of

vocal folds (true vocal cords) and rima glottidis

true vocal folds

most medial part of vocal folds, what causes open and closing

false vocal folds

lateral part of vocal folds, extra tissue

vocal range

depends on length and thickness of vocal folds

pitch

depends on tension of vocal folds

loudness

depends on force of air

trachea

windpipe

trachea is anterior to

esophagus

trachea is inferior to

larynx

trachea is superior to

main bronchi

supported by c-shape cartilaginous rings, which allows for movement

trachea

respiratory pathway

nares \>vestibule \>nasal cavity \>nasopharynx \>oropharynx \>laryngopharynx \>larynx \>trachea \>primary bronchi \>secondary bronchi \>tertiary bronchi (etc, etc)... \>bronchioles \>terminal bronchioles \>alveolar ducts \>alveolar sacs (alveoli) [O2

trachea splits into

right and left main (primary) bronchi

each branching of bronchi

generations

smaller tubes of bronchi (less than 1 mm in diameter)

bronchioles

lower respiratory that do NOT contain cartilage but have relatively thick layer of smooth muscle

bronchioles

Controls Bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

final segment of conducting pathway

alveoli

small, saccular outpocketings.
- sit of gas exchange that diffuse between pulmonary capillary blood, air in the lungs

alveolar type I cells

- form walls
- simple squamous epithelial \> rapid gas diffusion

alveolar type II cells

- develop late
- produce pulmonary surfactant

pulmonary surfactant function

lowers surface tension within alveolus and prevents its collapse

premature babies surfactant

surfactant-producing cells are underdeveloped, which can cause the alveoli to collapse
- causes IRDS

leading cause of death of premature babies

IRDS

respiratory membrane

thin wall between alveolar lumen and the blood across which gases diffuse
1. plasma membrane of type I alveolar cell
2. plasma membrane of capillary cell

visceral pleura

touches surface of lung

parietal pleura

superficial layer

pleura cavity

space between pleura layers

pleural fluid

fills pleura cavity

base of lungs

inferior portion, sits on diaphram

apex of lungs

superior point

costal surface of lungs

portion close to ribs

mediastinal surface of lungs

medial region, contains hilum

hilum

where vessels and structures enter/leave lung

cardiac notch is on

left lung

left lung has \____ lobes

2 lobes

lobs of left lung

superior lobe and inferior lobe

left lung lobes are divided by

oblique fissure

slightly smaller lung to accommodate the heart

left lung

right lung has \____ lobes

3 lobes

right lung lobes

superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe

right lung is divided by

horizontal and oblique fissure

bronchopulmonary segments

smaller segments of lungs

right lung has \___ bronchopulmonary segments

10

left lung has \____ bronchopulmonary segments

8-10

bronchopulmonary segments are surrounded by and isolated from other segments by

connective tissue

pulmonary ventilation ("breathing")

movement of air in and out of respiratory structures

gas exchange involves 4 simultaneous processes

1. pulmonary ventilation
2. alveolar gas exchange
3. gas transport within the blood
4. system gas exchange

alveolar gas exchange

external respiration

external respiration

exchanges gas between atmosphere and blood (with capillaries)

systemic gas exchange

internal respiration

internal respiration

exchanges gases between blood and body's cells

movement of gases follow Boyle's law

volume and pressure are inversely related

inhalation Boyle's law

increase thoracic cavity volume
decrease intrapulmonary pressure
air flows INTO lungs

exhalation Boyle's law

decrease thoracic cavity volume
increase intrapulmonary pressure
air flows OUT of lungs

during inhalation and exhalation, the thoracic cavity changes in

3 dimensions

vertical changes of breathing

result from diaphragm movement

lateral changes of breathing

result from the rib cage elevation or depression

anterior-posterior changes of breathing

occur as the sternum moves anteriorly or posteriorly

skeletal muscles of breathing are classifies as

1. quiet breathing
2. forced inhalation
3. forced exhalation