Pharmacy A&P 1

Human Physiology

Focuses on how the normal human body works

Pathophysiology

Focuses on how physiological processes are altered in disease

Anatomy

Focuses on the study of structures

Atoms

Make up 96% of the human body

Common atoms in the body

C, H, O, N

Molecules

Combined atoms

Common molecules

Water, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Cells

The living structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life processes

Standard components of cells

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma (cell) membrane

Essential for the survival of each cell

Conduct chemical reactions

Response to changes in the environment

Obtain nutrients and oxygen

Control exchange of materials with the environment

Eliminate cellular waste

Reproduction

Primary types of cells and tissue

Connective tissue/cells

Muscle cells/tissues

Epithelial cells/tissues

Nerve cells/tissues

Epithelial Cells

Produce sheets and glands

Simple tissue

Single layer

Stratified tissue

Stacked layers

Pseudostratified tissue

Single layer that mimics stratified

Transitional tissue

multiple layered with different shapes

Specialized tissue

Have differentiated to provide special functions

Squamous Cells

Flattened in shape and efficient gas exchange and protection

Simple squamous EC’s location

Located in airways - alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), lining of capillaries

Stratified squamous EC’s location

Located in lining of the mouth, the outer layer of skin, GI tract, the urethra, vagina

Specialized squamous EC’s location

Located in the lining of body cavities, blood vessels, pericardium

Cuboidal cells

Shaped like a cube and diffuses, absorbs, secrets, and protects

Location of Simple Cuboidal EC’s

Located in the kidneys, Ovaries, Lungs, Secretory glands, Testes, Small excretory ducts, and parts of the eye

Location of Stratified Cuboidal EC’s

Located mainly in the excretory ducts of glandular tissues (sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, developing ovarian follicles) RARE

Columnar Cells

One dimension is longer than the other; protects, secretes mucus, absorbs, moves particles, sensory input

Location of Simple Columnar EC’s

Located in the stomach and small intestine, bronchi of the lungs, and Fallopian tubes

Location Stratified Columnar ECs

Located in the conjunctiva of the eye, the pharynx, Anus, Uterus, Male urethra

Mucous Membranes

Make up the Mucosa and lubricates and protects tissues

Structure of Mucous Membranes

One or more layers of epithelial cells containing goblet cells that secrete mucin

Basement membrane

Middle layer of mucous membranes is made up of proteins and polysaccarides

Lamina Propria

Bottom connective tissue layer of mucous membranes is made up of loose connective tissues, immune cells, nerve and blood vessels

Locations of Mucous Membranes

Digestive tract

Urogenital tract

Respiratory tract

Lips and Mouth

Nasal Passages

Eustachian tubes

Function of Serous Membranes

Lines the inner walls of body cavities and surrounds organs. Provides protection and lubrication

Structure of Serous Membranes

Epithelial tissue attached to connective tissue forms a 2 layered membranes with a cavity between. Cells secrete lub fluid into it to reduce friction during movement.

Peritoneum

Serous membranes that form a closed cavity that contains all of the abdominal organs except for the kidneys and the adrenal glands.

Visceral Peritoneum

covers the outer surface of most organs in the abdomen, including the stomach, liver, spleen, and parts of the small and large intestines.

Parietal Peritoneum

lines the abdominal wall and diaphragm

Peritoneal cavity

Space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

Intraperitoneal administration

Allows for high local concentrations of drugs in the peritoneal cavity

Visceral peritoneum

The more permeable peritoneum membrane

Smaller molecules (<5000MW)

Absorbed by capillaries that drain into the portal vein, which leads to the liver

Glands

Made of epithelial tissue that has invaginated and differentiated to produce and secrete specific products

Exocrine glands

Allows secretions to flow through ducts that lead to the external surface

Endocrine glands

Allows secretions to be emptied into blood vessels

Examples of exocrine glands

Salivary glands

gastric glands

sebaceous glands

lacrimal glands

sweat glands

pancreas (85%)

Examples of endocrine glands

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Adrenal

Ovary

Testes

Pancreas (used to secrete insulin)

Muscle cells

Specialized for contraction and force generation.

Skeletal muscle

Striated; most attach to bones via tendons (connective tissue). Some exceptions include the tongue, portions of the esophagus, and diaphragm

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle cells in the heart, short, branched, and striated; connected by intercalated discs

Intercalated discs

Enables connected cells to contract together

Smooth Muscle

No striations; located in digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles, ducts of reproductive and urinary systems

Neurons

Specialized for the initiation and transmission of electrical and chemical signals; stimulates impulses in other neurons, muscles to contract, and glandular secretions.

Glial cells

Functional and structural support for the neurons

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Afferents

Inputs: Sensory neurons that carry signals from parts of the body or the external environment into the CNS

Efferents

Outputs; Motor neurons that carry signals out from the CNS and PNS to parts of the body

Connective Tissues

Connects, anchors, supports, insulates, and protects structures of the body

Structure of Connective Tissue

Few cells and a large amount of extracellular material; cells include fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts

Extracellular material (matrix)

Formed with connective tissue cell secretions; gel material that fills the space between fibers and cells.

Structure of extracellular material

Collagen, elastin, proteoglycans (large molecules), and other cell-binding glycoproteins.

Connective Tissue Types

Loose Gel-like

Dense

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

Loose Gel-Like

Mucous membranes, organs, capillaries, adipose tissue, eyeballs, abdomen, and breasts, and lymphoid organs

Dense

Tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin, submucosa of the GI tract, fibrous capsules of organs and joints, walls of the aorta, parts of trachea and bronchi, vocal cords

Cartilage

nose, trachea, larynx, ribs, external ear, epiglottis, intervertebral discs, discs of knee joints

Bone

Calcified matrix

Blood

Red and white cells in a fluid matrix

Three types of cartilage

Fibrocartilage, Hyaline, Elastic

Organs

A combination of two or more tissues that come together to perform a function

Major Organs/Tissues of Circulatory

Heart, Blood vessels, Blood

Major Organs/Tissues of Respiratory

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Major Organs/Tissues of Musculoskeletal

Cartilage, bones, ligaments, tendons, joints, skeletal muscle

Major Organs/Tissues of Digestive

Mouth, pharynx, stomach, intestines, esophagus, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Major Organs/Tissues of Urinary

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Major Organs/Tissues of Immune

White blood cells, lymph vessels/nodes, spleen, thymus, and other lymphoid tissue

Major Organs/Tissues of Nervous

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, ganglia, special sense organs

Major Organs/Tissues of Integumentary

Skin

Major Organs/Tissues of Endocrine

Glands, pancreas, ovaries, kidneys, hypothalamus, intestinal, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, and adrenal

Major Organs/Tissues of Reproductive

Male: Testes, penis, ducts, and glands

Female: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining physiological variables within STRICT narrow limits

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

inside the cells (67% of total body water)

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Aq environment that cells live in (33% of total body water).

Compartments of the ECF

plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, transcellular

Intrinsic control

Control is exerted within the organ

Extrinsic control

Control is exerted from outside the organ

Negative feedback

Effector responses bring the variable back to within normal range (Body temp, blood pressure, glucose)

Positive feedback

Effector output is the same direction as the original stimulus (Blood clotting, enhancement of labor contractions during birth)

Functions of the circulatory system

rapid flow of blood to all tissues, transports nutrients, O2, CO2, waste, electrolytes, and hormones

Functions of the Respiratory system

Exchange of CO2 and O2; regulation of H+ concentration, regulates pH (by adjusting removal rates of CO2)

Functions of the Musculoskeletal system

Support/protection, movement of body, and heat generation

Functions of the Digestive system

Digestion/absorption of organic nutrients, salts, and water; transfers them from environment to plasma; eliminates undigested food

Functions of the Urinary system

Regulates Plasma composition through controlling the excretion of organic waste, salts, and water; regulates the volume, electrolye composition, and pH of the internal environment

Functions of the Immune

Defense against foreign invaders, return of ECF to blood, formation of white blood cells

Functions of the Nervous

Regulation/coordination of activities in the body; detection of changes in the internal/external environments, states of consciousness, learning, and cognition.

Functions of the Integumentary

Protection against injury and dehydration; defense against foreign invaders; regulation of temperature (sweat glands and skin blood flow)

Functions of the Endocrine

Regulate/coordination of body activities, secreted hormones into blood control metabolism and water/eelctrolyte balance.

Functions of the Reproductive system

Production of eggs, nutrients for embryo and fetus, infant glands, nutrition; NOT essential for homeostasis

Variables homeostatis maintains

Body Temp (98.6), Blood Pressure (120/80mmHg), pH (7.35-7.45)