Review of Key Concepts

Flashcards covering gender inequality, pollution due to globalization, economic models, demographic transition, migration, and urbanization.

Gender Wage Gap

Universally, women earn less than men, even with equal education. In the US, women earn about 81% of what men earn.

Women in Government

Women are generally less represented in government seats worldwide, with the US Congress being approximately 20% women.

Impact of Education on Birth Rates

In MDCs, higher education rates for women correlate with declining birth rates, often unaffected by pronatalist policies.

Lowering Birth Rates in LDCs

Access to education for women and ensuring early infant care are key to lowering birth rates in less developed countries.

Microloans

Women in LDCs often seek small, short-term loans with low interest to start small businesses.

Desertification

The gradual transformation of fertile land into desert-like conditions, caused by climate change, overuse of land, and poor land management.

Soil and Land Erosion

The removal of topsoil by wind or water, increased by deforestation, overgrazing, and intensive agriculture.

Water Pollution

Contamination of water bodies by pollutants like agricultural runoff, industrial waste, and sewage.

Deforestation

The degradation of land, making it less productive, driven by overgrazing, unsustainable farming, and climate change.

Green Investments

Investments in renewable energy, sustainable transportation, and green building technologies to reduce environmental impact.

Sustainable Business Practices

Business practices that incorporate fair trade principles, ethical labor practices, and sustainable supply chains.

Environmental Regulations in LDCs

Pollution control standards and waste management guidelines are needed, especially in less developed countries.

Improving Health in LDCs

Focus on women’s education and family planning to reduce high crude birth rates.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of principles outlining patterns of migration, including distance, reasons, and migrant characteristics.

Forced Migration

Migration due to conflict or persecution, creating refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced people.

Counter-Urbanization

The movement of people from urban to rural areas, often for a better quality of life, which has been expedited by remote work.