Lecture Exam 1!

what two hormones are from the posterior pituitary?

==ADH== (antidiuretic hormone) and ==oxytocin==

hypothalamus controls the two parts of pituitary differently. how?

* uses neurons to control posterior
* uses hormones to control anterior

sleepy hormone that ==pineal gland== makes?

melatonin

what hormones do your thyroid gland make?

t3, t4, and calcitonin

inside thyroid gland- what cell makes t3 and t4?

folicular cells

t3 and t4 increase..

metabolism

what cells make calcitonin inside thyroid gland?

parafollicular (c cells)

calcitonin

lowers blood calcium levels if it’s too high

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

increases blood calcium levels if it’s too low

PTH goes to kidneys, sets calcitriol (vit D)

to retain sodium

3 parts of the cortex?

zona glomerulosa, zona fascilata, zona reticularis

2 big things coming out of adrenal medulla?

epinephrine and norepinephrine (aka adrenaline)

what is coming out of zona reticularis?

estrogen and testosterone

what is main thing coming out of zona fasiculata?

cortisol (increase blood sugar levels for jolt of ATP)

zona glomerulosa secretes..

aldosterone (regualates electrolyte balacne in kidneys to retain sodium keep in body)

pancreas is

exocrine and ednocrine

the 5 cells in pancreas islets of langerhans:

alpha cells

beta cells

delta cells

pp cells (f cells)

G cells

alpha cells make what hormone

glucagon

beta cells make what hormone

insulin

what does glucagon do?

released between meals to raise the blood glucose level. this comes from the liver bec the liver stores sugar.

delta cells make

somatostatin— partially suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

what does insulin do?

secreted during and after a meal; stimulates cells to absorb these nutrients and store or metabolize them lowering blood glucose levels; cells take some of that sugar when levels are lowered

what 2 places makes somatostatin?

pancreas and hypothalamus

What does gastrin do?

stimulates stomach acid (enzymes and hydrochloric acid); “wakes up the stomach”

Pancreatic polypeptide does what

inhibits the gallbladder; conserves the bile “tells polypeptide not to contract”

How do target cells know a hormone is out there?

Binding receptor (they are all specific for one thing. ) ex- insulin receptor only for insulin

Up and down regulation

Up refers to how many receptors

Down refers to numbers reduced receptors

Important because of strong and weak responses

Antagonistic

one hormone opposes the action of another (for ex- insulin lowers blood glucose and glucagon raises it)

Synergist

Hormones released at same time bec working together for one specific thing (fsh and testosterone to maximize sperm production)

Permissive

2 Working together for same process but one released first and next released later on to enhance

What are some of the differences between type one and type 2

Type 2 reversible; more common; cells don’t respond to insulin so no sugar to cells and stuck in blood

Type 1 genetic; insulin shots because don’t have enough insulin problem with beta cells don’t make any

Parts of stomach

Body, pyloric region, fudus, cardiac

5 cells in gastric glands

Mucous, regenerative, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine

Mucous cells make

Mucous with little alkaline

Mucous job?

Protection for epithelial cells from hydrochloride acid

Regenerative stem cells

Mitosis magic

chief cells

Make two enzymes- Pepsi oven gastric lipase

Pepsinogen

Activated to become pepsin, protein breaking down enzyme

Parietal cells make 3 things

Hcl, intrinsic factor, grehlin

Grehlin

Hunger hormone

What does intrinsic factor do

Help absorb b 12 in small intestine very efficient

Hcl has five jobs

Activates pepsinogen to pepsin, liquify food to chyme,, converts f3 to f2, kills pathogens, activate lingual lipase

Two starting ingredients to make hcl

Co2 and h2o (the one place where co2 is not a waste product)

H2co3 needs an enzyme to drive reaction

Carbonicanhydrase

Carbonic naturally splits into

Hydrogen and whatever is left over

What’s a buffer

Regulate pH

Hco3 is good buffer. Cell does not need bicarbonate ion. Goes to blood. What process is this?

Chloride shift

Left free hydrogen in parietal cell. Second away from killing? What to do with hydrogen

use active transport to get hydrogen out to lumen of stomach. Named hydrogen potassium pump!

Alkaline

Only in blood around stomach

What causes around stomach to become slightly alkaline

Extra bicarbonates chucking out to make a lil more

gap junctions

pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell

hormones are

chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs

exocrine glands

have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surface of the mucosa of the digestive tract

endocrine glands

No ducts; uses cardiovascular system; contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allows easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream

the posterior lobe of the pituitary is part of the

brain

the anterior lobe of the pituitary is _ from the brain.

separate

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

downgrowth from the brain

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

arises from hypophyseal pouch (outgrowth of pharynx)

cellular respiration (how our cells make energy storage-ATP!) consists of

glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs (mitochondrial matrix), ETC (mitochondria)

95% of our energy comes from

mitochondria

nutrition is the

starting point and basis for all human form and function; the source of fuel that provides the energy for all biological work.

metabolism is the

chemical changes that lie at the foundation of form and function; the summation of all catabolic and anabolic processes!!

there are chemical reactions in us happening 24/7 and metabolism is the

sum of all these chemical reactions!

anabolic

taking two small molecules and making bigger molecules; increases; inputs energy from ATP

catabolic

big molecule broken into smaller pieces (breaks covalent bonds) which releases energy; cells collect the energy and store it as ATP

glycolysis can be with or without

oxygen

etc needs _ to work or else it shuts down.

oxygen

for every sugar, krebs goes

twice!

In anaerobic fermentation (respiration), the fate of pyruvate..

depends on oxygen availability

anaerobic fermentation—

in absence of oxygen, the cell resorts to this one step reaction— NADH donates a pair of electrons to pyruvate reducing it to lactic acid which regenerates NAD+

after glycolysis, the pyruvate slides into the mitochondria by __

diffusion! high concentration to low.

total net yield from one sugar at the end of cellular respiration is

36 atp

beta oxidation

catabolizes the fatty acid components in the mitochondrial matrix

the hypothalamus regulates primitive functions of the body from

water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth; many of its functions are carried out by the pituitary gland

posterior pituitary does not make the hormones.. it only _ them.

stores

the two hormones both stored and released by the posterior pituitary are

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.

what systems does the thymus play a role in?

endocrine, lymphatic, and immune

the thymus is the site of

maturation of T cells

the thyroid gland is the _ pure endocrine gland.

largest

the thyroid follicles contain follicular cells which secrete

T3 and T4

t3 and t4 increase

metabolism

t4 is more _ while t3 is more _.

abundant; active

parafollicular cells (c cells) secrete..

calcitonin

calcitonin works to

decrease blood calcium levels (goes to osteoblasts for bone formation)

thyroid makes more t4 but t3..

is stronger.

the parathyroid glands (4 of them) secrete..

parathyroid hormone.

what does parathyroid hormone do?

increases blood calcium levels > goes to osteoclasts (bone-dissolving)

this promotes the synthesis of calcitriol to tell kidneys to use the activation of vitamin D to increase absorption of calcium

the adrenal glands sit

above each kidney.

the adrenal glands secrete

epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex from inside out?

zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa

explain zona glomerulosa

the thin OUTER layer; secretes ALDOSTERONE which regulates the body’s electrolyte balance (retain sodium and excrete potassium)

explain zona fasciculata

the thick MIDDLE layer; responds to ACTH from pituitary; secretes glucocorticoids (CORTISOL) to increase blood sugar for a jolt of ATP!

explain zona reticularis

the narrow INNER layer; secretes sex steroids (androgens and estrogen)

the pancreas is 98% _ and 2% _ .

exocrine; endocrine

The clumps of cells in the pancreas are called

islets of langerhans

g cells secrete

gastrin

pp cells (f cells) secrete

pancreatic polypeptide

the kidney is the 2nd biggest _ organ.

multitasking

the kidneys produce 85% of _

erythropoietin (stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs)

hyposecretion

(not enough) inadequate hormone release