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uses neurons to control posterior
uses hormones to control anterior
what hormones do your thyroid gland make?
t3, t4, and calcitonin
inside thyroid gland- what cell makes t3 and t4?
folicular cells
what cells make calcitonin inside thyroid gland?
parafollicular (c cells)
PTH goes to kidneys, sets calcitriol (vit D)
to retain sodium
3 parts of the cortex?
zona glomerulosa, zona fascilata, zona reticularis
pancreas is
exocrine and ednocrine
the 5 cells in pancreas islets of langerhans:
alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
pp cells (f cells)
G cells
what does glucagon do?
released between meals to raise the blood glucose level. this comes from the liver bec the liver stores sugar.
delta cells make
somatostatin— partially suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
what does insulin do?
secreted during and after a meal; stimulates cells to absorb these nutrients and store or metabolize them lowering blood glucose levels; cells take some of that sugar when levels are lowered
What does gastrin do?
stimulates stomach acid (enzymes and hydrochloric acid); “wakes up the stomach”
Pancreatic polypeptide does what
inhibits the gallbladder; conserves the bile “tells polypeptide not to contract”
Antagonistic
one hormone opposes the action of another (for ex- insulin lowers blood glucose and glucagon raises it)
Permissive
2 Working together for same process but one released first and next released later on to enhance
5 cells in gastric glands
Mucous, regenerative, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine
Alkaline
Only in blood around stomach
gap junctions
pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell
hormones are
chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
exocrine glands
have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surface of the mucosa of the digestive tract
endocrine glands
No ducts; uses cardiovascular system; contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allows easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream
the posterior lobe of the pituitary is part of the
brain
the anterior lobe of the pituitary is _ from the brain.
separate
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
downgrowth from the brain
adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
arises from hypophyseal pouch (outgrowth of pharynx)
cellular respiration (how our cells make energy storage-ATP!) consists of
glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs (mitochondrial matrix), ETC (mitochondria)
95% of our energy comes from
mitochondria
nutrition is the
starting point and basis for all human form and function; the source of fuel that provides the energy for all biological work.
metabolism is the
chemical changes that lie at the foundation of form and function; the summation of all catabolic and anabolic processes!!
there are chemical reactions in us happening 24/7 and metabolism is the
sum of all these chemical reactions!
anabolic
taking two small molecules and making bigger molecules; increases; inputs energy from ATP
catabolic
big molecule broken into smaller pieces (breaks covalent bonds) which releases energy; cells collect the energy and store it as ATP
glycolysis can be with or without
oxygen
etc needs _ to work or else it shuts down.
oxygen
for every sugar, krebs goes
twice!
In anaerobic fermentation (respiration), the fate of pyruvate..
depends on oxygen availability
anaerobic fermentation—
in absence of oxygen, the cell resorts to this one step reaction— NADH donates a pair of electrons to pyruvate reducing it to lactic acid which regenerates NAD+
after glycolysis, the pyruvate slides into the mitochondria by __
diffusion! high concentration to low.
total net yield from one sugar at the end of cellular respiration is
36 atp
beta oxidation
catabolizes the fatty acid components in the mitochondrial matrix
the hypothalamus regulates primitive functions of the body from
water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth; many of its functions are carried out by the pituitary gland
posterior pituitary does not make the hormones.. it only _ them.
stores
the two hormones both stored and released by the posterior pituitary are
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
what systems does the thymus play a role in?
endocrine, lymphatic, and immune
the thymus is the site of
maturation of T cells
the thyroid gland is the _ pure endocrine gland.
largest
the thyroid follicles contain follicular cells which secrete
T3 and T4
t3 and t4 increase
metabolism
t4 is more _ while t3 is more _.
abundant; active
parafollicular cells (c cells) secrete..
calcitonin
calcitonin works to
decrease blood calcium levels (goes to osteoblasts for bone formation)
thyroid makes more t4 but t3..
is stronger.
the parathyroid glands (4 of them) secrete..
parathyroid hormone.
what does parathyroid hormone do?
increases blood calcium levels > goes to osteoclasts (bone-dissolving)
this promotes the synthesis of calcitriol to tell kidneys to use the activation of vitamin D to increase absorption of calcium
the adrenal glands sit
above each kidney.
the adrenal glands secrete
epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)
what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex from inside out?
zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa
explain zona glomerulosa
the thin OUTER layer; secretes ALDOSTERONE which regulates the body’s electrolyte balance (retain sodium and excrete potassium)
explain zona fasciculata
the thick MIDDLE layer; responds to ACTH from pituitary; secretes glucocorticoids (CORTISOL) to increase blood sugar for a jolt of ATP!
explain zona reticularis
the narrow INNER layer; secretes sex steroids (androgens and estrogen)
the pancreas is 98% _ and 2% _ .
exocrine; endocrine
The clumps of cells in the pancreas are called
islets of langerhans
g cells secrete
gastrin
pp cells (f cells) secrete
pancreatic polypeptide
the kidney is the 2nd biggest _ organ.
multitasking
the kidneys produce 85% of _
erythropoietin (stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs)
hyposecretion
(not enough) inadequate hormone release
