CJ 101 College Course Chapters 12-13

Community Corrections

A wide range of sentences that depend on correctional resources available in the community.

John Augustus (1785-1859)

A shoemaker from Boston who became known as the father of probation.

Probare

To test or to prove

General Conditions

Applied to ALL probationers within the jurisdiction

Specific Conditions

Judge-mandated for the SPECIFIC probationer

Parol

Word of honor

Alexander Maconochi

Father of parole. Superintendent of British penal colony, made the “mark system.” Believed punishment made offender a better person.

Mark System

Credits against a sentence that allows for an inmates release.

Maconochie’s 4 stages to release

Penal stage, associated stage, social stage, and ticket of leave.

Penal Stage

Starts with solitary confinement

Associated Stage

“Marks” earned for working and good behavior.

Social Stage

Inmates held in groups and held jointly responsible for each other.

Ticket of Leave

Prisoners earned the required number of marks needed to return back to society.

1817, New York passed the ____ ____ statute

Good time

Elmira Reformatory (1876)

The FIRST reformatory in the United States, used indeterminate sentences.

The Great Depression (1929)

Catalyst for the expansion of parole. By 1944 all states had adopted parole and indeterminate sentencing.

Sampson v. California (2006)

Supreme Court ruled in a 6-3 decision that the fourth amendment does NOT apply to anybody on parole.

Revocation Hearing

A hearing used to determine where a parolee or probationer has violated conditions of parole/probation.

Intermediate Sanctions

Use of non-traditional sentences, considered alternative sentencing. Example: Public shaming.

Shock Incarceration

Programs use “boot camps” to demonstrate reality of prison life.

Mixed Sentencing

A sentence that requires a convicted offender serve weekends in a confinement facility when on probationary supervision within community.

Community Service

Requires offenders to spend time working in community agency. Examples: Washing graffiti, washing police cars, and refurbishing public facilities.

___ of all offenders are in jail

1/10

Lockup

Prisoners who do not get released from a lock up are sent to a local jail in the jurisdiction they were arrested (not jail).

There are approximately ____ jails in the United States

3300

Four Types of Jails

Mega, large, medium, small.

Mega Jails

Have a 1,000+ bed capacity

Large Jails

Have a 250-999 bed capacity.

Medium Jails

Have a 50-249 bed capacity.

Small Jails

1-49 bed capacity. Makes ip the largest percentage of jails.

Regional Jails

Serve more than one county

Average length of stay in jails is _____

15-20 days

Early punishments were often ____ and ____

Cruel and torturous

Lex Talionois

Law of retaliation “eye for an eye”

First jails were created in ____, and called ___. They were ____.

England; GAOLS; deplorable (horrible)

Sheriff John Howard

Prison reformer, Sheriff of Bedfordshire

Penitentiary Act

• Secure and clean facilities

• Systematic inspections by outside groups

• The abolition of prison based fees (do not have to pay to stay in prison, for food, or for medical)

• A reformatory structure for the inmates

Prisoners were to be confined to ____ at night and worked long hours of labor by day.

Individual

Howard believed in ____ and ____

Contrition and penitence.

The first jail was the ____

Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia, and it still stands. Turned into a penitentiary in 1790 (became a prison).

William Penn

Founder of the Pennsylvania colony. became the most reform-minded leader in the US with regard to prison and jails.

Penn Advocated for

• The abolition of capital punishment for all crimes other than homicide.

• The substitution of imprisonment and hard labor, instead of blood corporal punishments.

• Recommended bail for minor offenses.

• Didn’t charge inmates to pay for their stay in prison.

Separate and Silent System

Inmates were NOT allowed to talk or be with each other.

The separate and silent system had 4 main issues

1. Impossible to keep inmates from each other.

2. Expensive to operate, needed large staff numbers.

3. Limited inmate productivity.

4. Made many inmates mentally ill.

First Generation Jails

Had linear designs, which was used for housing inmates, cells are aligned in long, straight rows, with walkways in the front of the cells for jail correction officers to observe inside cells (direct supervision).

Second Generation Jails

Had podular housing designs and remote supervision; officers are located in a secure control room (indirect supervision).

Third Generation Jails

Jails without remote control centers, in which officers are located inside the housing unit, direct contact with inmates (direct supervision).

Benefits of Direct Supervision Jails

1. deters rape and violence.

2. Decreases suicide and escape attempts.

3. Eliminate barriers to staff-inmate interaction.

4. Gives staff greater control.

5. Reduces lawsuits

Prison Culture and Code

1. Do your own time, mind your business.

2. Be “stand-up”

3. Don’t “rat” or “snitch”

4. Don’t trust the cops or CO’s

5. Settle conflict yourself, do not run to staff.

6. Respect the “real cons” (killers, drug dealers, etc)

Indigenous Theory of Prison Life Culture’s Rise

The culture is indigenous (occurs naturally) and the result of the environment in which the inmates find themselves in.

Imported Theory

The culture is imported and brought in with the values of the outside world.

P.R.E.A (Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003)

Attempted to deter rape in prison.

Goals for Prison in 1790

Rehabilitate and deter criminals.

Goals for Prison in 1825

Imprisonment and deterrence.

Goals for Prison in 1876

Rehabilitation

Goals for Prison in 1890

Imprisonment and restitution.

Goals for prison in 1935

Retribution (to punish)

Goals in 1945

Rehabilitation

Goals in 1967

Restoration and rehabilitation.

Goals in 1980

Imprisonment

Goals in 1995

Retribution, imprisonment, and deterrence.

How much does it cost to house one inmate?

$61,000 a year

Maximum Security

Large inmate population

What is the most secure prison in the US?

ADMAX in Florence, Colorado.

Hands off Doctrine

The court created what became known as the hands-off doctrine and did not accept lawsuits regarding violation of inmates constitutional rights.