Human Nutrition (2.13-2.20)

Gastric juices

________ contain pepsin (a protease) which chemically digests proteins.

Oesophagus

________: This is a thin tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Pancreas

________: Secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes into the intestines which break down carbohydrates, protein and lipids in food.

Chemical digestion

________: Breaking down large, insoluble food into smaller soluble nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the cells.

Egestion

________- Passing out of food (as feces) that has not been digested or absorbed via the anus.

Dentine

________ is softer than enamel and so dissolves more easily and quickly.

Absorption

________ takes place in the second section of the small intestine, the ileum.

Coronary heart disease

________- excessive saturated fat and cholesterol.

→Older adults

________ usually have a lower BMR than younger people since their muscle mass tends to decrease with age.

Mechanical digestion

________: breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules.

Lacteal

________ runs through the centre of the villus to transport fatty acids and glycerol away from the small intestine in the lymph.

→Infants

________ and young children tend to have a proportionately high BMR for their size due to their rapid growth and development.

Canines

________- pointed for tearing, holding and biting.

Assimilation

________- Movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used and become a part of the cells.

Dental decay

________ is caused by bacteria which is present on the surface of our teeth.

Peristalsis

________: the contraction and relaxation of the esophagus wall muscles which creates a wave- like motion that pushes the food down the canal.

Absorption

________: movement of digested food molecules from the digestive system into the blood.

Incisors

________- chisel- shaped for biting and cutting.

Colon

________: The second part of the large intestine.Reabsorbs water from undigested food and also bile salts to return back to the liver.

chloride ions

Due to the toxin ________ are released from inside the cells and into the lumen of the intestine.

Ingestion

________- Taking in of substances e.g.

hydrochloric acid

It is alkaline to neutralise the ________ which comes from the stomach.

presence of microvilli

Due to its long length, folded surface, and ________ the ileum is adapted for absorption.

Stomach

________: This is a muscular bag which mixes food and drink with acid.

little chloride ions

The blood contains too ________ and water- dehydration.

Dietary fibre

________: Provides bulk for intenstine to push food through.

Bacteria

________ in plaque feed on sugars which produce acid.

Inner walls

________ have finger like extensions (villi) which increases the surface area for nutrient absorption.

Malnutrition

________ is caused by not eating a balanced diet.

mouth

Bolus are passed down by peristalsis from the ________ to the stomach.

Large intestine

________: Undigested food (mainly fibre) passes into the ________.

teeth increase

The ________ the surface area of food so it can be exposed to saliva for faster digestion.

Duodenum

________: The first part of the small intestine.

Teeth

________ break down the food (mechanical digestion) and mix it with the enzymes in saliva (chemical digestion)

Energy requirements

________ vary from one individual to the next depending on age, sex, body composition and physical activity level.

Ileum

________: Second part of the small intestine.

small intestine

The enzymes in the ________ have a higher (more alkaline) optimum pH than those in the stomach.

Small intenstine

________: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are digested here and absorbed into the blood.

Energy

________ is obtained, from the food and drink we consume by respiration.

Pregnant women

________ need more energy than a non pregnant female likewise lactating mothers also need extra energy for the production of milk.

→These adaptations

________ largely increase the surface area allowing for faster more efficient absorption.

Bacteria releases

The ________ toxins which causes chloride ions to be secreted into the small intestine.

Diet

________: The total nutrients that we need for our growth and development.

chloride ions

The ________ accumulate in the lumen of the small intestine and lower the water potential there.

Mechanical digestion

________ occurs as the stomach walls squeeze the food to liquefy it.

bacteria

The ________ and food deposits form a layer called plaque.

small intestine

Absorption- Movement of chemically digested food molecules through the ________ walls into the blood.

Diet

The total nutrients that we need for our growth and development

Balanced Diet

The diet that provides all the required nutrients in appropriate proportions

Carbohydrates

Source of energy

Protein

Growth and repair

Lipids

Insulation and energy storage

Dietary fibre

Provides bulk for intenstine to push food through

Water

Needed for chemical reactions to take place in cells

Obesity

excessive nutrients

Starvation

insufficient nutrients

Coronary heart disease

excessive saturated fat and cholesterol

Kwashiorkor

too much carbohydrates, too little protein

Constipation

lack of fibre

Ingestion 

Taking in of substances e.g

Egestion 

Passing out of food (as feces) that has not been digested or absorbed via the anus

Mechanical digestion 

Break down of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to food molecules

Chemical digestion 

Break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

Absorption 

Movement of chemically digested food molecules through the small intestine walls into the blood

Assimilation 

Movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used and become a part of the cells

Mouth

Digestion of food starts in the mouth

Oesophagus

This is a thin tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

Peristalsis

the contraction and relaxation of the esophagus wall muscles which creates a wave-like motion that pushes the food down the canal

Stomach

This is a muscular bag which mixes food and drink with acid

Liver

This releases a chemical called bile into the intestines

Pancreas

Secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes into the intestines which break down carbohydrates, protein and lipids in food

Small intenstine

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are digested here and absorbed into the blood

→Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine

→Ileum

Second part of the small intestine

Large intestine

Undigested food (mainly fibre) passes into the large intestine

→Colon

The second part of the large intestine.Reabsorbs water from undigested food and also bile salts to return back to the liver

→Rectum

Stores faeces until egestion

→Anus

Muscles control egestion of feces

Diarrhoea

The loss of watery faeces

Mechanical digestion

breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

Incisors 

chisel-shaped for biting and cutting

Canines 

pointed for tearing, holding and biting

Premolars and molars 

larger, flat surfaces with ridges at the edges for chewing and grinding up food

Chemical digestion

Breaking down large, insoluble food into smaller soluble nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the cells

Absorption

movement of digested food molecules from the digestive system into the blood