The Respiratory System (part 1)

What is respiration?

A two-way process involving the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide.

What is pulmonary ventilation?

The movement of air in and out of the lungs, essential for breathing.

What occurs during external respiration?

Gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.

What is the equation for oxygen transport?

O2 + Hb ↔ HbO2

What is internal respiration?

The exchange of gases at the tissue level, where oxygen is delivered to cells and carbon dioxide is collected.

What are the main structures of the respiratory system?

Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli.

How does smoking affect lung development?

It has negative effects on lung development, especially in adolescents.

What is the typical respiratory rate for adults?

12-16 breaths per minute.

What is the role of the nasal cavity?

To warm, moisten, and filter air, and to play a role in olfaction.

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

What is the function of the epiglottis?

To prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

What is the structure of the trachea?

The windpipe that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings to keep it open.

What marks the end of the conducting zone?

Terminal bronchioles.

What is the equation for ventilation rate?

Ventilation Rate = Tidal Volume × Respiratory Rate

What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?

The conducting zone includes airways with no gas exchange, while the respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs.