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144 Terms
development contributes to increased weight. (fatty that cover neurons)
connects left and right hemispheres of brain
Specialization in certain functions by each side of
the brain
Cognitive development between ages of about 2
and 6. (2nd stage of Piaget)
The ability to use symbols to represent an idea, events or object
think inanimate object are living
A child focuses (centers) on one idea excluding others.
Child tendency to think about the world
Characteristic of preoperational thought, whereby
a young child ignores all attributes that are not
apparent
a young child thinks that nothing
changes; whatever is now has always been
and always will be
a young child thinks that nothing can
be undone
stating that the amount of a
substance remains the same
• zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Not to easy or hard; what the student can do with help
Temporary support tailored to a learner’s need and abilities aimed at mastering
Tendency of children to copy an action that
is not a relevant part of the behavior to be
learned
involves internal
dialogue when talking
to self
advances and expands understanding.
theory about what other
people might be thinking
Involves cognitive ability to organize and prioritize
many thoughts that arise from various parts of brain
speedy way children learn new words
Occurs when children use words to describe
other objects in same category
assume their language always follows the rules they already know: ex: “goed”
adjusting communication to
audience and context
Child-centered or developmental
programs
Federally funded early-childhood program for low-
income children of preschool age
Children become slimmer as
the lower body lengthens. Average BMI is lower
In low-income family cultures,
parents more likely to use fast
food to ensure kids are not
hungry
Yes Teeth are influenced by diet and health
Cow's milk, eggs,
peanuts, tree nuts, soy,
wheat, and shellfish
Speeds connections between neurons far
from each other
Left side controls right vise versa
Temper tantrums decrease and inhibit/exhibit(impulse control) and working memory/decision making
sleep become more regular and emotional regulation
8. What are the two kinds of impulses that neurons have? remember children have imbalances in the neuronal impulses
Activate (on)
inhibit (off)
9. Which of Piaget’s stages relates to early childhood? What are the key developmental milestones of this preoperational thought?
Preoperational (2-6) Symbolic thought, language acquisition on, pretend play and conservation
10. What are the five limitations of this stage and are they seen specifically
Centration – Focus on one part, ignore others (e.g., taller glass = more juice).
Egocentrism – Think everyone sees what they see.
Focus on Appearance – Believe looks = reality (e.g., longer clay = more).
Static Reasoning – Think things never change.
Irreversibility – Can’t understand undoing a change.
11. What does Vygotsky’s Social Learning Theory postulate? What is the role of a mentor? What skills are in a person’s ZPD? How is scaffolding used to help in the social learning process?
postulate – Learning happens through social interactions.
Mentor's Role – Guides and supports learning.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) – Skills a child can do with help but not alone.
Scaffolding – Temporary support (hints, examples) to help a child learn until they can do it independently.
15. What are some cognitive tools that allow kids to pick up vocabulary so quickly and what are some example from them
When a bilingual child has a language shift what has happened?
becoming more fluent in
the school language than in their home
language
children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them
driven by own desires
driven by outside forces
allows children to act out various roles
and themes in stories that they create
NOT GOOD
allow for anything
VERY GOOD
body punishment
parent tries to get the child to understand why a certain behavior was wrong. through talking
Extending helpfulness
and kindness without
any obvious benefit to
oneself: increases with
maturity
Deliberately hurting
another person,
including people who
have done no harm:
declines with maturity
get something that
another person has and to keep it
retaliation for another person's intentional/ accidental action can be verbal or physical
aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
learning about development
noticing and reporting
limiting harm after injury has
occurred
1. What is the key distinction between emotional regulation and effortful control? What influences emotional regulation
Which of Erikson’s stages relates to early childhood?
Initiative vs Guilt
What are the key developmental milestones of Guilt vs Initiative define it.
Protective optimism encourages trying
new things.
Play is crucial for cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development. It fosters creativity, problem-solving skills, and social competence. It also helps children process emotions and experiences.
• concrete operational thought
• English Language Learners (ELLs)
• attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
unusual difficulty with reading
unusual difficulty with math
• autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
marked by difficulty with social interaction and communication
• least restrictive enviroment (LRE)
• response to intervention (rti)
• individual education plan (IEP)
(6-11)
physical activity contributes to physical, emotional and mental health the arts lead to higher overall scores promote executive function
6. Describe the hygiene hypothesis and what kind of environment is best for building a child’s immune system
(1) first-born children are more likely to develop asthma than are
later-born ones, and
(2) farm children have much lower rates of asthma and allergies
than do other children.
the ability to reason logically
about direct experiences and perceptions
11. Describe the relationship between SES and academic achievement. Why might someone from a lower-SES family have difficulty with language learning in school?