COMS 4 Sac State

Invention

canon of rhetoric, Gathering information

Information

Data, measurable descriptions of a phenomenon

rhetorical event

combination of audience, speaker, and occasion at a specific time

thesis

one simple declarative sentence that serves as an appropriate and precise statement summing up the whole speech

topoi

a rhetorical commonplace often presented as a question that is designed to discover new perspectives, approaches, and topics for the speaker

ethos

credibility, authority, trustworthiness in the speaker as perceived by the audience

working thesis

a simple, general thesis statement that the speaker uses as their first topic choice. Guides further research, usually abandoned later in the steps of invention.

prevenient ethos

The credibility that is present within the speaker by the force of their prior reputation, role, or position

style

canons of rhetoric, word choice, sentence construction, vocal qualities

Genre

type or classification of something

(for rhetoric: inform, persuade, move the emotions)

bias

an unreasonable tendency to rely on one explanation or perspective and ignore other relevant information or aspects of the situation

arrangement

canon of rhetoric focused on exploring which ideas and material will be presented and how to most effectively order those ideas to benefit the audience

description

a mental image, picture, or sensory experience conveyed in words

main points

the central ideas presented within the body of the speech.

- informative: generally provide summary statements of what needs to be understood

- persuasive: evidence for thesis

- epidemic: direct and enhance the emotional mood

thesis alert

specialized transition that is designed to notify the audience that the thesis of the speech is about to be stated

preview

verbal outline of how the ideas in the thesis will be presented

monologic

one idea: every marker of the outline should be followed by and only one significant idea

Subordination

organized under: every idea that occurs under a higher statement is directly related to the statement in the level exactly above it within the outline

coordination

organized alike: every idea that occurs at the same level of the outline has the same relatinship to the idea above it

keyword outline

private outline, contains keywords that only the speaking would understand

rhetorical approach

overall tone or feeling that the audience is given by the speaker's stylistic choices

virtues of style

correctness, clarity, propriety, ornamentation

Correctness

grammatically purity and proper enunciation

clarity

one of the most important virtues, just be clear in your presentation and your speech

conviction

a belief held on causes strong enough to stake a claim upon another's mind and will

transitions

phrases that connect our ideas and tell our audience how those ideas are related

confirming transitions

they alert the audience to the fact that the next idea(s) will not be major new points, confirm previous ideas

propriety

choosing words and sentences that are appropriate for the audience and the occasion

ornamentation

craft, conscious turns in the phrases or expressions that will be designed to please the audience or to inspire their admiration for a cause or an idea

antimetabole

repeating a phrase in reverse order

Antanaclasis

a light trope akin to a pun, repetition

epistrophe

repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a series of expressions

anaphora

repetition, opening phrases of a passage are repeated

delivery

canon of rhetoric, emphasizing physical gestures, facial expressions, movement and vocal variation

vocal delivery

focuses on the rate, pitch, and volume of the voice

physical delivery

focuses on facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, movement and location of the speaker

logos

rhetorical appeal rooted in clear reasoning

pathos

rhetorical appeal rooted in appropriate emotion

knowledge

justified, true belief

evidence

a reason or set of reasons given to an audience to persuade them to agree to a proposition

opinion

a belief supported only by individuals feelings, preferences, or desires

proposition

statement of fact, quality, or policy that the rhetor wants an audience to agree to

stasis

fundamental type of a presentation, its focus or telos

rhetorical argument

a proposition and its supporting evidence

stasis of fact

true or false

stasis of quality

good or bad, right or wrong, worth or importance

stasis of policy

take action, problem --> solution

demonstration

presenting information to an audience by giving visual or action cues

telos

the ultimate purpose, function, reason for the existence of some object or act

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

stasis of policy, focuses on pathos

- gain attention, show a need, satisfy the need, visualize the result, call to action

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs,

(level 2) Safety and Security,

(level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection,

(level 4) Self Esteem,

(level 5) Self Actualization

Five canons of rhetoric

invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery

memory

canon of rhetoric concentrating on methods for recall the contents of the presentation during delivery, but also to create an appropriate memorable impression that is left with the audience.