Diversity and Cultural Variation

What is cultural variation?

Different cultures have different norms and values

What is multiculturalism?

Recognising and respecting differemt cultures within society

What is a criticism of multiculturalism?

It may weaken shared values and increase cultural competition

What is globalisation?

Growing worldwide connections in trade, communications, and culture

What is cultural homogenisation?

Cultures becoming more similar, reducing diversity

What is Americanisation?

The spread of American culture and lifestyles worldwide

What does socialisation teach us?

Norms, values, behaviour, language, social skills

What do feral children show about socialisation?

Without social contact, children may lack language and social skills

What is the hidden curriculum?

Unspoken lessons taught by schools (obedience, punctuality)

How does Ann Oakley say children learn gender roles?

Manipulation, different activities, verbal appelations, canalisation

What is canalisation?

Directing children towards gendered toys and activities

What are verbal appelations?

Using gendered language towards children

How can schools reinforce gender roles?

Through teacher expectations, interactions, and divisions of play/sport

What is the nature vs nurture debate?

Whether behaviour is shaped by biology or social environment

What does nurture emphasise?

Behaviour is learned through socialisation and experience

What does nature emphasise?

Behaviour is influenced by biology and genetics

What factors influence social identity?

Age, gender, ethnicity, class, social class

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex = biological, gender = socially constructed

How can ethnicity and class influence identity?

They shape culture, belonging, values, and opportunities

What is social mobility?

Movement between social classes