humans first began to cultivate plants some 12,000 years ago population 5 million
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83 - 7.6
_____ million people to the planet each year; today, the world holds _________ billion people
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demography
the study of human population from Greek, meaning "description of people"
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Fertility
the incidence of childbearing in a country's population
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fecundity
maximum possible childbearing
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crude birth rate
the number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population
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mortality
the incidence of death in a country's population
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crude death rate
the number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.
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infant mortality rate
the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year.
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life expectancy
the average life span of a country's population
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migration
the movement of people into and out of a specified territory
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immigration
Movement into a territory
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in-migration rate
calculated as the number of people entering an area for every 1,000 people in the population
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emigration
Movement out of a territory
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out-migration rate
the number leaving for every 1,000 people
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net migration rate
the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country
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sex ratio
the number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population
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age-sex pyramid
a graphic representation of the age and sex of a population
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Demography
__________ is the study of the size and composition of a population.
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A high infant mortality rate would greatly decrease life expectancy in a country.
How would having a high infant mortality rate affect a nation's life expectancy?
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the fertility rate
Demographers use __________ to refer to the incidence of childbearing in a country's population.
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A factory closure leaves a major employment gap in a rural area. Two towns over, a new factory promises 1,000 new job openings.
Which of the following is the best example of a "push-pull" factor that might affect migration?
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low birth rate
A relatively narrow bottom on an age-sex pyramid would reflect a __________.
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geometric progression (Malthus)
illustrated by the series of numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on
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arithmetic progression (Malthus)
as in the series 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on
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demographic transition theory
a thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development.
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stage 1: preindustrial society
• Little population growth • High birth rate b/c people rarely use birth control • Want kids for labor and support • High death rate
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Stage 2 (the onset of industrialization)
Death rates fall due to greater food supplies and scientific medicine Birth rates remain high Result is rapid population growth
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Stage 3 (a mature industrial economy)
Birth rate drops because most children survive to adulthood, so fewer are needed, high living standards make raising children expensive and smaller families are favored by women working outside the home. Death rates continue to remain downward. The result is slowing of population growth.
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stage 4 (post-industrial stage)
birth rates and death rates are low this is the case today in japan, Europe, US
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zero population growth
the rate of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level
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demographic divide
the inequality in population and health conditions between rich and poor countries
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the factors that serve to hold down population in these postindustrial societies are
a high proportion of men and women in the labor force, rising costs of raising children, trends toward later marriage and singlehood, and widespread use of contraceptives and abortion.
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underpopulation
Italy and Japan, are concerned because declining population size may be difficult to reverse and because the swelling ranks of the elderly can look to fewer and fewer young people for support
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It reveals how the level of technological development affects population patterns in a society.
What does the demographic transition theory tell us?
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The population of the United States has a relatively high percentage of elderly people. The population of Nicaragua has a relatively high percentage of young people.
Which of the following situations provides the best example of a demographic divide?
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a college-educated, professional woman who chooses to marry later in life
Which of the following women is most likely to limit her own fertility?
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an absence of birth control
What is one reason for high birth rates in Stage 1 of the demographic transition theory?
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Stage 2 countries are at the onset of industrialization and have falling death rates along with high birth rates. Stage 4 countries have a postindustrial economy, with dropping birth rates and low and steady death rates.
According to the demographic transition theory, how do Stage 2 countries and Stage 4 countries differ?
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Urbanization
the concentration of population into cities
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first urban revolution
The innovation of the city, which occurred independently in five separate hearths.
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"ghetto"
(from the Italian borghetto, meaning "outside the city walls") was first used in the early sixteenth century to describe the neighborhood in which the Jews of Venice were segregated.
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a new urban middle class, or bourgeoisie
(French, meaning "townspeople")
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Second Urban Revolution
Europe and then in North America Factories unleashed tremendous productive power, causing cities to grow bigger than ever before. London, the largest European city, reached 550,000 people by 1700 and exploded to 6.5 million by 1900
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metropolis (from the Greek, meaning "mother city")
a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area
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urban decentralization
the process in which cities spread out over a larger geographical area
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suburbs
urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city
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Boulevardier
"street person"
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Sunbelt cities
________ but not the older Snowbelt cities—are increasing in size and population.
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metropolitan statistical areas
recognizes 382 (MSAs). Each includes at least one city with 50,000 or more people.
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micropolitan statistical areas
551 urban areas with at least one city of 10,000 to 50,000 people
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Combined statistical areas
include both metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas.
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megalopolis Gottmann
a vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs
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edge cities
a mix of corporate office buildings, shopping malls, hotels, and entertainment complexes—differ from suburbs, which contain mostly homes
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97%
About ___ percent of the land area of the United States is rural
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19%
rural places are home to just _____ percent of the country's population
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Rural rebound
People getting sick of cities and moving back to rural areas
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rural people
are somewhat older, more likely to be married, and more likely to live in the state where they were born
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Urban people
on average, are somewhat more likely to have a bachelor's degree, more internet access, and higher income.
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People developed higher standards of living and were able to specialize in different trades.
How did the development of early cities change social life?
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the Middle East
Which of the following regions was the first to experience urbanization?
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Increased automobile use and heavy traffic
__________ is a problem commonly associated with urban sprawl.
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the Northeastern seaboard from Boston down to Washington, D.C.
Which of the following locations is the best example of a megalopolis?
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the rural rebound
The increasing popularity of small towns such as scenic mountain communities in Colorado and Montana is an example of the trend called __________.
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Ferdinand Tönnies
built his analysis on the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
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Gemeinschaft
("community") to refer to a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition
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Gesellschaft
("association"), a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest.
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Emile Durkheim
agreed with much of Tönnies's thinking but claimed that urbanites do not lack social bonds; the basis of social solidarity simply differs in the two settings.
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mechanical solidarity
social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. This type of social solidarity is typical of traditional, rural life.
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organic solidarity
social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. This type of social solidarity is typical of modern, urban life.
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Georg Simmel
claimed that the overstimulation of city life produced a blasé attitude in urbanites.
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Robert Park
at the University of Chicago, claimed that cities permit greater social freedom.
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Louis Wirth
saw large, dense, heterogeneous populations creating an impersonal and self-interested, though tolerant, way of life.
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Karl Marx's
analysis of conflict in the city is echoed in the urban political economy model.
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urban ecology
the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities.
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low-income nations.
The third urban revolution is taking place now in
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Almost all global population increase is taking place in cities. Of the thirty-three cities with population greater than 10 million, ________ are in low- or middle-income nations.
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environment
The state of the _______ is a social issue because it reflects how human beings organize social life.
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environmental deficit
Societies increase the___________by focusing on short-term benefits and ignoring the long-term consequences brought on by their way of life.
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technology
The more complex a society's ________, the greater its capacity to alter the natural environment.
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logic-of-growth thesis
supports economic development, claiming that people can solve environmental problems as they arise.
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limits-to-growth thesis
states that societies must curb development to prevent eventual environmental collapse.
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54%
__________ of the solid waste we throw away ends up in landfills, which are filling up and can pollute groundwater.
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Industrial technology
The supply of clean water is already low in some parts of the world.____________ has caused a decline in air quality
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1% OR 30 SQUARE MILES ANNUALLY
Rain forests help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and are home to a large share of this planet's living species. Under pressure from development, the world's rain forests are now half their original size and are shrinking by about ____________
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environmental racism
patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards
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Gemeinschaft
Community members in a rural village who all join together to celebrate a new marriage by building a house for the newlyweds exemplify Ferdinand Tönnies's idea of __________.
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City dwellers must develop detachment as a survival strategy.
According to Georg Simmel, why do city dwellers appear to be indifferent to the people and activities around them?
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urban ecology
The fact that preindustrial people built their cities on mountains or surrounded by waters is something studied in __________.
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Detroit has fallen on hard times as a result of the decline of the U.S. auto industry and the movement of auto production overseas—all of which has occurred because capitalist production is in pursuit of profit.
Which of the following statements best exemplifies how the Marxist political economy approach views city life?
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Gemeinschaft and mechanical solidarity
Which of the following pairs of concepts bear the most similarity?
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The third urban revolution is the result of many poor nations developing industrial cities that are attracting millions of people from the countryside.
What has sparked the third urban revolution that is currently under way in the world?
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More people are moving to the cities, and the cities are increasing in size.
How has the population shifted in poor countries in recent years?
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shantytowns
Found in low-income nations, __________ are settlements of makeshift homes built from discarded materials.
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beginning around 8000 B.C.E. with the founding of the first cities
The first urban revolution occurred when?
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55 percent
In 2017, what share of the world's people lived in urban places?
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ecology
the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment
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natural environment
Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life.
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ecosystem
a system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment
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environmental deficit
profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence
Studied by 2 people
