CHAPTER 16 DEMOGRAPHY

Homo sapiens

humans first began to cultivate plants some 12,000 years ago
population 5 million

83 - 7.6

_____ million people to the planet each year; today, the world holds _________ billion people

demography

the study of human population
from Greek, meaning "description of people"

Fertility

the incidence of childbearing in a country's population

fecundity

maximum possible childbearing

crude birth rate

the number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population

mortality

the incidence of death in a country's population

crude death rate

the number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.

infant mortality rate

the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year.

life expectancy

the average life span of a country's population

migration

the movement of people into and out of a specified territory

immigration

Movement into a territory

in-migration rate

calculated as the number of people entering an area for every 1,000 people in the population

emigration

Movement out of a territory

out-migration rate

the number leaving for every 1,000 people

net migration rate

the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country

sex ratio

the number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population

age-sex pyramid

a graphic representation of the age and sex of a population

Demography

__________ is the study of the size and composition of a population.

A high infant mortality rate would greatly decrease life expectancy in a country.

How would having a high infant mortality rate affect a nation's life expectancy?

the fertility rate

Demographers use __________ to refer to the incidence of childbearing in a country's population.

A factory closure leaves a major employment gap in a rural area. Two towns over, a new factory promises 1,000 new job openings.

Which of the following is the best example of a "push-pull" factor that might affect migration?

low birth rate

A relatively narrow bottom on an age-sex pyramid would reflect a __________.

geometric progression (Malthus)

illustrated by the series of numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on

arithmetic progression (Malthus)

as in the series 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on

demographic transition theory

a thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development.

stage 1: preindustrial society

• Little population growth
• High birth rate b/c people rarely use birth control
• Want kids for labor and support
• High death rate

Stage 2 (the onset of industrialization)

Death rates fall due to greater food supplies and scientific medicine
Birth rates remain high
Result is rapid population growth

Stage 3 (a mature industrial economy)

Birth rate drops because most children survive to adulthood, so fewer are needed, high living standards make raising children expensive and smaller families are favored by women working outside the home.
Death rates continue to remain downward.
The result is slowing of population growth.

stage 4 (post-industrial stage)

birth rates and death rates are low
this is the case today in japan, Europe, US

zero population growth

the rate of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level

demographic divide

the inequality in population and health conditions between rich and poor countries

the factors that serve to hold down population in these postindustrial societies are

a high proportion of men and women in the labor force, rising costs of raising children,
trends toward later marriage and singlehood,
and widespread use of contraceptives and abortion.

underpopulation

Italy and Japan, are concerned
because declining population size may be difficult to reverse and because the swelling ranks of the elderly can look to fewer and fewer young people for support

It reveals how the level of technological development affects population patterns in a society.

What does the demographic transition theory tell us?

The population of the United States has a relatively high percentage of elderly people. The population of Nicaragua has a relatively high percentage of young people.

Which of the following situations provides the best example of a demographic divide?

a college-educated, professional woman who chooses to marry later in life

Which of the following women is most likely to limit her own fertility?

an absence of birth control

What is one reason for high birth rates in Stage 1 of the demographic transition theory?

Stage 2 countries are at the onset of industrialization and have falling death rates along with high birth rates. Stage 4 countries have a postindustrial economy, with dropping birth rates and low and steady death rates.

According to the demographic transition theory, how do Stage 2 countries and Stage 4 countries differ?

Urbanization

the concentration of population into cities

first urban revolution

The innovation of the city, which occurred independently in five separate hearths.

"ghetto"

(from the Italian borghetto, meaning "outside the city walls")
was first used in the early sixteenth century to describe the neighborhood in which the Jews of Venice were segregated.

a new urban middle class, or bourgeoisie

(French, meaning "townspeople")

Second Urban Revolution

Europe and then in North America
Factories unleashed tremendous productive power, causing cities to grow bigger than ever before. London, the largest European city, reached 550,000 people by 1700 and exploded to 6.5 million by 1900

metropolis (from the Greek, meaning "mother city")

a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area

urban decentralization

the process in which cities spread out over a larger geographical area

suburbs

urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city

Boulevardier

"street person"

Sunbelt cities

________ but not the older Snowbelt cities—are increasing in size and population.

metropolitan statistical areas

recognizes 382 (MSAs). Each includes at least one city with 50,000 or more people.

micropolitan statistical areas

551 urban areas with at least one city of 10,000 to 50,000 people

Combined statistical areas

include both metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas.

megalopolis Gottmann

a vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs

edge cities

a mix of corporate office buildings, shopping malls, hotels, and entertainment complexes—differ from suburbs, which contain mostly homes

97%

About ___ percent of the land area of the United States is rural

19%

rural places are home to just _____ percent of the country's population

Rural rebound

People getting sick of cities and moving back to rural areas

rural people

are somewhat older, more likely to be married, and more likely to live in the state where they were born

Urban people

on average, are somewhat more likely to have a bachelor's degree, more internet access, and higher income.

People developed higher standards of living and were able to specialize in different trades.

How did the development of early cities change social life?

the Middle East

Which of the following regions was the first to experience urbanization?

Increased automobile use and heavy traffic

__________ is a problem commonly associated with urban sprawl.

the Northeastern seaboard from Boston down to Washington, D.C.

Which of the following locations is the best example of a megalopolis?

the rural rebound

The increasing popularity of small towns such as scenic mountain communities in Colorado and Montana is an example of the trend called __________.

Ferdinand Tönnies

built his analysis on the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

Gemeinschaft

("community") to refer to a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition

Gesellschaft

("association"), a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest.

Emile Durkheim

agreed with much of Tönnies's thinking but claimed that urbanites do not lack social bonds; the basis of social solidarity simply differs in the two settings.

mechanical solidarity

social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. This type of social solidarity is typical of traditional, rural life.

organic solidarity

social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. This type of social solidarity is typical of modern, urban life.

Georg Simmel

claimed that the overstimulation of city life produced a blasé attitude in urbanites.

Robert Park

at the University of Chicago, claimed that cities permit greater social freedom.

Louis Wirth

saw large, dense, heterogeneous populations creating an impersonal and self-interested, though tolerant, way of life.

Karl Marx's

analysis of conflict in the city is echoed in the urban political economy model.

urban ecology

the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities.

low-income nations.

The third urban revolution is taking place now in

26

Almost all global population increase is taking place in cities. Of the thirty-three cities with population greater than 10 million, ________ are in low- or middle-income nations.

environment

The state of the _______ is a social issue because it reflects how human beings organize social life.

environmental deficit

Societies increase the___________by focusing on short-term benefits and ignoring the long-term consequences brought on by their way of life.

technology

The more complex a society's ________, the greater its capacity to alter the natural environment.

logic-of-growth thesis

supports economic development, claiming that people can solve environmental problems as they arise.

limits-to-growth thesis

states that societies must curb development to prevent eventual environmental collapse.

54%

__________ of the solid waste we throw away ends up in landfills, which are filling up and can pollute groundwater.

Industrial technology

The supply of clean water is already low in some parts of the world.____________ has caused a decline in air quality

1% OR 30 SQUARE MILES ANNUALLY

Rain forests help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and are home to a large share of this planet's living species. Under pressure from development, the world's rain forests are now half their original size and are shrinking by about ____________

environmental racism

patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards

Gemeinschaft

Community members in a rural village who all join together to celebrate a new marriage by building a house for the newlyweds exemplify Ferdinand Tönnies's idea of __________.

City dwellers must develop detachment as a survival strategy.

According to Georg Simmel, why do city dwellers appear to be indifferent to the people and activities around them?

urban ecology

The fact that preindustrial people built their cities on mountains or surrounded by waters is something studied in __________.

Detroit has fallen on hard times as a result of the decline of the U.S. auto industry and the movement of auto production overseas—all of which has occurred because capitalist production is in pursuit of profit.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies how the Marxist political economy approach views city life?

Gemeinschaft and mechanical solidarity

Which of the following pairs of concepts bear the most similarity?

The third urban revolution is the result of many poor nations developing industrial cities that are attracting millions of people from the countryside.

What has sparked the third urban revolution that is currently under way in the world?

More people are moving to the cities, and the cities are increasing in size.

How has the population shifted in poor countries in recent years?

shantytowns

Found in low-income nations, __________ are settlements of makeshift homes built from discarded materials.

beginning around 8000 B.C.E. with the founding of the first cities

The first urban revolution occurred when?

55 percent

In 2017, what share of the world's people lived in urban places?

ecology

the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment

natural environment

Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life.

ecosystem

a system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment

environmental deficit

profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence