CH10 - energy expenditure in walking, running, and swimming

gross energy expenditure

the energy expenditure of the physical activity plus basal metabolic rate

Net energy expenditure

energy expenditure of the added physical activity

VO2, kcal

Energy expenditure can be written in either ____ or ____

5

1 liter of O2 corresponds to ___ kcal

economy

Movement _____ is the energetic cost (e.g. oxygen cost) of movement

efficiency 

Movement economy is also known as ____

lower

Someone who has GREATER economy (also called efficiency) has a ____VO2 for a given workload

work / kcal

Mechanical efficiency = ___ / ____ expended

• only a useful term for exercise in which work can be measured

• Ex: cycling, uphill running

more, lower

Slow twitch fibers general ( more / less) force per unit of ATP consumed.

• an activity relying on slow twitch fibers has a ( higher / lower) O2 cost per unit of the activity

faster

Someone who has a lower oxygen cost for an activity (e.g. is more economical) tends to have a ___ time in a competition

exponential

As walking speed INC , O2 cost of walking INC at a rate that is _____

speed, body mass

Energy expenditure of walking is dependent on ____ and ____ ____

large

People w/ ( large / small) body masses have greater caloric expenditure on a walk?

inc

Sloppy/slippery/uneven surfaces ( INC / DEC) O2 cost of walking.

more

Downhill walking is ( more / less ) economical than walking on a flat surface

cross, lower

VO2-velocity curves for running and walking ___ over at a point that makes O2 cost for running is ( higher / lower) than for walking.

U, linear

VO2-velocity curves:

• walking is ____ shaped

• running is ___ shaped

frequency, length

Running velocity depends on stride ____ and stride ____

length

Increased stride ____ is MOST responsible for increased velocity at LOWER speeds

optimal

Each individual has an _____ stride length (stride frequency) for any given speed

older

Running economy IMPROVES as children get _____

density, frontal, square

Air resistance plays a role in running performace in 3 ways:

• air ____

• ____ surface area

• related to the ____ of wind velocity

exponential

the graph of wind velocity (air resistance) and O2 consumption is _____

low

At ( high / low ) running velocity, wind resistance isn’t a big factor in VO2

less

The more buoyancy someone has, the ( more / less) drag they’ll have when they swim

woman, buoyant, 

If w swimmers are equal ( man and woman), who is more economical?

• Why? because they are more ___, so less drag

INC

Training ____ swimming economy

shivering

_____ increases VO2 in COLD water

inc, dec

Swimming economy is ( inc/ dec)by training and ( inc/ dec) in cold water that causes shivering.