Human Physiology Exam II

Parillon Fall 2025 | Missing Q1 of In-class Heart Quiz and Bioinnovation Project Details

What are the three types of capillaries?

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids

Which type of capillary is a continuous tube?

continuous

Which type of capillary has the lowest permeability?

continuous

Which type of capillary is most abundant in the human body?

continuous

Which type of capillary has small pores?

fenestrated

Which type of capillary allows hormones to go through?

fenestrated

Which type of capillary is located in the kidneys, small intestine, and throughout the endocrine system?

fenestrated

Which type of capillary has large pores?

sinusoid

Which type of capillary has the highest permeability?

sinusoid

Which type of capillary can be found in bone marrow, spleen, and liver?

sinusoid

Which type of capillary allows water, small solutes, and glucose to go through?

continuous

Which type of capillary allows proteins and cells to go through?

sinusoid

Is interstitial fluid located inside or outside the organ?

outside

Net pressure drives ______ at the arterial end.

filtration

Net pressure drives ______ at the venous end.

reabsorption

At what pressure does net filtration occur?

11 mmHg

At what pressure does net reabsorption occur?

-9 mmHg

Which type of fluid is located in the lymphatic system?

lymph

How does lymph move around the body?

lymphatic capillaries

A higher pressure gradient (change in pressure) in blood vessels leads to…

a larger flow

Which type of blood vessel has the highest blood pressure? (>60 mmHg)

arteries

Which type of blood vessel has the lowest blood pressure? (<20 mmHg)

veins

Which type of blood vessel is within 20-60 mmHg?

capillaries

What is vessel compliance?

the ability of a hollow object to stretch

Which type of blood vessel has the highest velocity?

arteries

Which type of blood vessel has the lowest velocity?

capillaries

What are erythrocytes?

red blood cells

What are leukocytes?

white blood cells

Where do platelets come from?

bone marrow

What is erythropoiesis?

the formation of new red blood cells

What causes an increased production of erythrocytes?

hypoxia (low oxygen)

What is leukopoiesis?

the formation of white blood cells

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

granulocytes and angranulocytes

What are the 5 distinct types of leukocytes?

eosiniphils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Are all lymphocytes leukocytes?

yes

Are all leukocytes lymphocytes?

no

What are the 3 lymphocytes?

B cells, T cells, and NK cells

What is thrombopoiesis?

the formation of platelets

What is hemostasis?

the stopping of blood flow

What are the 3 mechanisms of hemostasis?

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting

What are CD8 cells?

cytotoxic T cells

What are CD4 cells?

helper T cells

What is MHC?

major histocompatibility complex, helps the body distinguish its own cells from foreign invaders

What is an exogenous antigen?

a foreign substance that enters the body from outside and triggers an immune response (ex. allergens and microorganisms)

What is an endogenous antigen?

a molecule originating from within a cell that is presented on the cell's surface to be recognized by the immune system

What are the 5 physiological functions of antibodies?

neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, activation, opsonization

What is neutralization?

antigen-antibody blocks bacterial toxins

What is agglutination?

antigen-antibody reaction clumps pathogens

What is precipitation?

antigen-antibody is too large and precipitates out of solution

What is activation?

antigen-antibody complex starts the complement system

What is opsonization?

antibodies can function as opsonins that coat the surface of a microbe to enhance phagocytosis

What is diapedesis?

phagocytes move across capillary walls

What is chemotaxis?

a chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes to a site of damage

What are the two types of allergic reactions?

immediate and delayed hypersensitivity

What is an example of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction?

hay fever symptoms and anaphylactic shock

What is an example of something that can cause a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

poison ivy and tuberculosis

What is innate immunity?

non-specific immunity, the ability of the body to defend itself without using specific recognition of invading pathogen

What are the components of innate immunity?

first and second line of defense

What is the first line of defense?

skin, mucus, hair, cilia, sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice, and vaginal secretions

What is the second line of defense?

NK cells, phagocytes, fever, and inflammation

What is adaptive immunity?

the body’s ability to defend itself using recognition of invading pathogen, involves antigens

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

cell mediated (T cells) and antibody mediated (B cells)

What causes the chambers of the heart to contract?

depolarization through the conduction system composed of SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right & left branches, and Purkinje fibers

What do the 2 heart sounds represent?

Closing of AV valves (Lubb) and semilunar valves (Dubb)

Which nerve slows heart rate? Is it parasympathetic or sympathetic?

vagus nerve, parasympathetic

Which nerve increases heart rate? Is it parasympathetic or sympathetic?

cardiac accelerator nerve, sympathetic