Industrial and Organizational Psychology Review Notes

Flashcards based on the I/O Psychology review notes covering foundational concepts, pioneers, job analysis, recruitment, leadership theories, motivation models, group dynamics, and training processes.

What does the "I" (Industrial) part of I/O Psychology focus on?

It focuses on people and what is present in employment, including recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, promotion, transfer, and termination.

What does the "O" (Organizational) part of I/O Psychology focus on?

It focuses on the employee's experience once they are already in the company, including motivation, attitudes, leadership, teams, stress, and job design.

How is Personnel Psychology defined within industrial psychology?

The study and practice in areas such as analyzing jobs, recruiting applicants, selecting employees, determining salary levels, training employees, and evaluating employee performance.

What is the primary focus of Human Factors/Ergonomics?

Workplace design, human-machine interaction, and physical fatigue and stress.

What key contributions did Walter Dill Scott make to I/O Psychology?

He applied psychology to advertising and authored "The Theory of Advertising" (1903) and "The Psychology of Advertising" (1908), focusing on human efficiency through tactics such as imitation, competition, loyalty, and concentration.

What movement was Frederick W. Taylor an intellectual leader of?

The efficiency movement, which applied science to process engineering and management by redesigning work situations to achieve higher output and higher wages.

What were Lillian Gilbreth's contributions to industrial management?

She pioneered industrial management techniques focused on the human aspects of time management and was among the first to recognize the effects of stress and fatigue on workers.

What three areas did Hugo Münsterberg divide industrial efficiency into in his 1913 book?

Selecting workers, designing work situations, and using psychology in sales.

What two intelligence tests were created by Robert Yerkes during World War I and who were they for?

Army Alpha for literate recruits, and Army Beta for illiterate recruits.

What intelligence test was developed during World War II under Walter Bingham's committee?

The Army General Classification Test (AGCT), which sorted new recruits into five categories based on their ability to learn soldier duties.

What are the four basic components of an organization according to Classical Theory?

A system of differentiated activities, people, cooperation toward a goal, and authority.

What is Job Analysis and why is it essential to HR?

It is the process of studying positions, describing duties and responsibilities, and grouping similar positions into job categories. It serves as the foundation for recruitment, performance appraisal, career planning, and training.

How do a Job Description and a Job Specification differ?

A Job Description lists level of duties, tasks, and working conditions, whereas a Job Specification indicates minimum personal qualifications, skills, experience, and traits required of the worker.

What do the letters in KSAOs stand for in Job Analysis?

Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other characteristics.

What are Executive Search Firms also known as?

"Headhunters", which specialize in placing applicants in high-paying jobs.

What are the four types of structured interview questions mentioned in the notes?

Clarifiers, Disqualifiers, Past Focus (Behavioral Description using STAR), and Organizational Fit Focus.

Which normal personality test uses 15 dimensions based on the theory of Henry Murray?

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule.

Which personality assessment was developed by Raymond Cattell using factor analysis?

16PF (Personality Factor).

What is the Peter Principle in job design and career progression?

The concept that employees rise through promotion until they reach a position where they are no longer competent.

How does Job Enlargement differ from Job Enrichment?

Job Enlargement adds more tasks at the same level (horizontal expansion), while Job Enrichment expands responsibility, autonomy, and control (vertical expansion).

How do Person-Oriented Leaders and Task-Oriented Leaders differ?

Person-Oriented Leaders consult subordinates, praise work, and use a hands-off approach; Task-Oriented Leaders define/structure roles and view employees as lazy or extrinsically motivated.

What are the four leadership behavior styles in Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory?

Delegating, Directing, Supporting, and Coaching.

What are the three core dimensions of Transformational Leadership?

Charisma, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individual Consideration.

What three contingency factors determine leadership effectiveness according to Fred Fiedler?

Leader-member relations, task structure, and position power.

What are the three sets of needs defined in Clayton Alderfer's ERG Theory?

Existence (E), Relatedness (R), and Growth (G).

In Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, what is the difference between Hygiene factors and Motivator factors?

Hygiene factors (job context like pay, working conditions, policies) prevent job dissatisfaction, whereas Motivator factors (job content like achievement, growth, recognition) drive job satisfaction.

What three needs are identified in McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory?

Need for Power, Need for Affiliation, and Need for Achievement.

What three multipliers make up Vroom's Expectancy Theory model?

Expectancy (Effort to Performance), Instrumentality (Performance to Reward), and Valence (Value of the outcome).

How do Theory X and Theory Y differ regarding managerial assumptions about workers?

Theory X assumes employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working (requiring authoritarian control), while Theory Y assumes employees are self-motivated, creative, and enjoy responsibility.

What are the two explanations for social loafing known as Free-Rider Theory and Sucker Effect?

Free-Rider Theory states individuals work less because their efforts won't be noticed; Sucker Effect states individuals lower effort so they aren't taken advantage of by slacking group members.

What are the five stages of group development in order?

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning.

What three analyses are conducted during the organizational training process?

Needs Analysis, Task Analysis, and Person Analysis.