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Cell
basic unit of all forms of life
Cell Theory
fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells
Cell Membrane
thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Nucleus
in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA
eukaryote
organism whose cells contain a nucleus
Prokaryote
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
Cytoplasm
fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Organelle
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
Ribosome
cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled
Golgi Apparatus
organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell
Vacuole
cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Lysosome
cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell
Cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement
Chloroplast
cell organelle that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy throughout the process of photosynthesis
Mitochondria
Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
Cell Wall
strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in most prokaryotes and some eukaryotes
Lipid Bilayer
flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surrounding
Selectively Permeable
property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot; also called semipermeable membrane
Homeostasis
relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain
Diffusion
process by which particles tend to move from an area where that are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
Facilitated Diffusion
process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through protein channels in the cell membrane
Aquaporin
water channel protein in a cell membrane
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
Hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
Osmotic Pressure
Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane
Tissue
group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Organ
group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
Organ System
group of organisms that work together to perform a specific function
Receptor
on or in a cell, a specific protein that receives chemical signals form molecular messengers, such as hormones