Bio 1 - Chapter 8: Vocab

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32 Terms

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Cell

basic unit of all forms of life

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Cell Theory

fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells

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Cell Membrane

thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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Nucleus

in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA

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eukaryote

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

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Prokaryote

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

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Cytoplasm

fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus

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Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

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Ribosome

cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled

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Golgi Apparatus

organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

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Vacuole

cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

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Lysosome

cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

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Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement

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Chloroplast

cell organelle that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy throughout the process of photosynthesis

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Mitochondria

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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Cell Wall

strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in most prokaryotes and some eukaryotes

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Lipid Bilayer

flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surrounding

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Selectively Permeable

property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot; also called semipermeable membrane

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Homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

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Diffusion

process by which particles tend to move from an area where that are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

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Facilitated Diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through protein channels in the cell membrane

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Aquaporin

water channel protein in a cell membrane

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Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

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Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

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Hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

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Osmotic Pressure

Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane

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Tissue

group of similar cells that perform a particular function

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Organ

group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

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Organ System

group of organisms that work together to perform a specific function

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Receptor

on or in a cell, a specific protein that receives chemical signals form molecular messengers, such as hormones