Native american history and culture

headress

feather added for each enemy defeated, 'counting coup', chief wears

land ownership

one of 5 demises

reason land ownership was a problem

natives didn't understand until too late, then they couldn't band together bc tribes were individual peoples.

manhattan island

natives gave up land for some blankets bc didn't understand what europeans meant

desease

one of 5 demises, smallpox, gonorrhea, mumps, syphilis, no STDs till europeans came

treaties

one of 5 demises

black hills

Sioux kept getting pushed west, held onto Black Hills in Dakotas bc pre-existing treaty, white men found gold and started war that Sioux lost

indigenous gold belief

natives wouldn't touch gold becasue they believed it was seed of sun god

hair significance

held strength in hair, wouldn't cut unless grieving, warriors would take enemy scalps to prevent retaliation

Red Cloud

leader of black hills sioux, tribe was starvikg bc buffalo, compromised w soldiers to go to rez

Andrew Jackson

indian hunter, 'sharp knife', ignored supreme court land rights and send natives on trail of tears

Indian Wars

1840-1860, atrocities on both sides, Chivington (baptist minister) massacred Sheyennes

Buffalo

one of 5 demises

loss of buffalo

indigenous society was based on buffalo every part used, gov realized and paid hunters to slaughter and waste them, 29 million wiped out

farming

natives culturally disagreed, Smohalla compared farming with harming mother, rez lands weren't arable

Reservations

one of 5 demises

rez culture loss

forced to cut hair, no language dance religion, indian agents took native funds to line their pockets

Carlisle school

pennsylvania school to forcibly indoctrinate indigenous children into western society, given christian names

process of granting rights

1924- citizenship bc WW1

1925- allowed to freely leave rez

1934- right to religion

1948- right to vote

state of rez today

poverty, drug/alc, medical/educational ruin, high suicide+low income, fetal alc syndrome

bicultural fragmentation

walking a path between worlds

educational dillemma

want to help their people but not anxious to return to the poverty they tried to escape

name significance

rude to ask 'what is your name'- believe names have power, only parents and spouse know true name

sense of identity

ethnocentric- introduces themself with tribe name

midwife

delivers and gives child known name, cuts off air every time he cries to condition him

language and discipline

'that is not our way', no profanity, no lying, no open hostility, respect the earth and nature, avoid hate+jealousy

natural knowledge

yaka root is soap, napal is food and medicine

religion

Chief Joseph Tridal- relationship w great spirit is individual, everyone can self regulate, every morning pray and gratitude, sprinkle pollen

marital customs

man lives with womans tribe, gives gift of horses, man never speaks directly to mother in law, never joke ab sex

gender

equal labor division, women consulted on all decisions

conflict

usually small raids for horses, Comanche were greatest horsemen and Comanche +Apache were best fighters

Cynthia Ann Parker

taken and raised as Comanche, married Nacona and had children, she was taken away by soldiers and tried to escape, ended up starving herself bc child died and culture lost

why almost no indigenous in texas

comanche were defeated at Palo Duro Canyon and shipped to OK, Quana (cynthia ann parker's son) took mom's name

afterlife

reincarnation, won't speak dead's name bc may call spirit

cradleboard

made of cedar to repel insects, how they carried baby

Edward S Curtis

indigenous photographer, wanted record of natives