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56 Terms
1
Basic Business
A business that sells its products or services primarily to customers outside the settlement.
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2
Business Service
A service that primarily meets the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services.
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3
Central Place
A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
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4
Central Place Theory
A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than small settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
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5
Clustered Rural Settlement
A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement.
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6
Customer Service
A service that primarily meets the needs of individual consumers, including retail, education, health, and leisure services.
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7
Dispersed Rural Settlement
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
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8
Economic Base
A community’s base of economic businesses.
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9
Enclosure Movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
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10
Food Desert
An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, typically defined as further than one mile.
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11
Gravity Model
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
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12
Hinterland
The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to the place’s goods and services.
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13
Market Area
See Hinterland.
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14
Nonbasic Business
A business that sells its products primarily to customers in the same settlement.
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15
Primate City
A city that is the largest settlement in a country and has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement.
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16
Primate City Rule
A pattern of settlements where the largest settlement has more than twice the population of the second ranking settlement.
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17
Public Service
A service offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.
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18
Range
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
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19
Rank-Size Rule
A pattern of settlements such that the nth settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
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20
Service
Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.
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21
Settlement
A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.
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22
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to support a service.
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23
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and number of people living in urban settlements.
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24
Annexation
Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
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25
Carbon Capture and Storage
The process of capturing waste CO2, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it underground where it will not enter the atmosphere.
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26
Census Tract
An area delineated by the US Census Bureau for which statistics are published, roughly corresponding to neighborhoods in urban areas.
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27
Central Business District
The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.
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28
Central City
An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality.
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29
Combined Statistical Area
In the United States, two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns.
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30
Concentric Zone Model
A model of the internal structure of cities where social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
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31
Core-Based Statistical Area
In the United States, any MSA or μSA.
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32
Density Gradient
The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.
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33
Edge City
A large node of office and retail services on the edge of an urban area.
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34
Filtering
A process in the change of the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment.
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35
Gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area.
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36
Informal Settlement
An area within a city in a less developed country where people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent.
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37
Megalopolis
A continuous urban complex in the northeastern United States.
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38
Metropolitan Statistical Area
In the United States, an urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, including the county within which the city is located.
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39
Micropolitan Statistical Area
An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants.
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40
Multiple Nuclei Model
A model of the internal structure of cities where social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
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41
Peripheral Model
A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential areas tied together by a beltway.
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42
Primary Census Area
In the United States, any MSA not included in a CSA, or any μSA not included in a CSA.
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43
Public Housing
Government-owned housing rented to low-income individuals, with rents set at 30 percent of the tenant’s income.
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44
Redlining
A process by which financial institutions draw red-coloured lines on a map and refuse to lend money for property improvements within the lines.
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45
Rush Hour
The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volume of traffic.
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46
Sector Model
A model of the internal structure of cities where social groups are arranged around a series of sectors radiating out from the central business district.
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47
Smart Growth
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.
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48
Social Area Analysis
Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards and backgrounds live within an urban area.
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49
Sprawl
Development of new housing sites at low density in locations not contiguous to existing urban areas.
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50
Suburb
A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city.
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51
Sustainable Development
Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own.
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52
Underclass
A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society.
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53
Urban Area
A central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs.
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54
Urban Cluster
In the United States, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.
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55
Urbanized Area
In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.
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56
Zoning Ordinance
A law that limits permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.
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