Psychology 101 Final Exam Study Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards based on the Psychology 101 Final Exam Study Guide transcript, covering theorists, core concepts, and biological foundations.

Spearman

General intelligence ( G Factor)

Fluid intelligence

Ability to reason quickly and think abstractly. It peaks in early adulthood and steadily decline and with age

Clark hull

Drive reduction theory

Masters & Johnson

Sexual response cycle

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs theory

Sternberg

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Piaget

Cognitive development stages

Vygotsky

Social development theory (zone of proximal development )

Kohlberg

Moral development

Erikson

Psychosocial development stages

Kubler-Ross

Five stages of grief

Murray

Theory of needs (psychogenic needs)

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Jung

Collective unconscious; archetypes

Adler

Individual psychology ( Inferiority complex)

Ferguson

Psychoanalysis unconscious mind ( id,ego, superego)

Cattell

Fluid and crystallized Intelligence

Rogers

Humanistic therapy unconditional positive regard

Freud

Theorist associated with psychoanalysis (including specific techniques) and dream theories involving hidden meanings and actual dream content.

Watson

Behaviorism ( little Albert experiment )

Wundt

First psychology laboratory father of psychology

Maslow

Hierarchy of needs

Pavlov

Classical conditioning

Thorndike

Law of effect

Bandura

Observational learning ( bobo doll experiment , reciprocal determinism

B.F. Skinner

Operant conditioning

crystallized intelligence

Accumulated knowledge, vocabulary, and skills acquired through education and experience.

Intrinsic motivation

Internal motivation

Ex. Reading because you enjoy it

Extrinsic motivation

External reward

Ex: studying for a test so that you can get the best grade

Stress

Physical and emotional response to challenges or demands

General Adaptation Syndrome

Founded by hans Selye

Reciprocal determinism of personality

A personality theory stating that behavior, internal cognitive processes, and environmental factors mutually influence each other

Abnormal behavior

Behavior determined by asking specific diagnostic questions.

Diagnostic tool (U.S.)

The specific tool used in the United States to diagnose psychological disorders.

Psychotherapy vs. Biological therapies

A comparison of treatment approaches used in psychology.

Psychoanalysis

A psychological approach by Freud involving specific techniques.

Psychology

The primary subject of study to be defined and explained for the final exam.

Theory

A concept to be defined and explained within the context of psychology.

Applied research

Study design to solve specific practical problems

Basic research

Study driven by curiosity to expend general knowledge

Afferent

Sensory neurons carrying inputs to the brain

Efferent neurons

Motor neuron carrying signals to muscle

Cell body

Soma

Core part containing the nucleus of a neuron

Dendrites

Branching structures receiving signals from other neurons

Axon

Long fiber sending electrical impulses away from cell body ( soma)

Movement control

Left hemisphere controls right side of the body; right hemisphere controls the left side

Corpus callosum

Bridge of fibers connecting both brain hemisphere

Corpus callosum

Bridge of fibers connecting both brain hemisphere

Sensation

Detection of raw physical stimuli by sensory organs

Perception

Brian’s organisation and interpretation of sensory inputs

Sensory receptors

Specialized cells detecting specific types of energy

Gestalt

A psychological concept involving figure-ground, similarity, and connectedness.

Function of sleep

Restore body tissue, consolidates memories, support growth

Freud's dreams

Conceptualized as having two functions: the hidden meaning and the actual dream.

Manifest content

The literal storyline of a dream

Latent content

The hidden psychological meaning of a dream

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Dreams are interpretations of random brain activity

Hypnotized theories

Various theories regarding the state of being hypnotized.

Operant conditioning

A learning process with two important concepts, including positive and negative reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement

Add something Pleasant

Ex: give candy

Negative reinforcement

Remove something unpleasant

Ex: seatbelt stop beeping

Punishment

Any consequence hat decreases a behaviors frequently

Behavior Modification

• Using reinfercement and punishment to change behaviors

Memory banks

• sensory

• short term

Long term

Heuristic

A mental shortcut used to make decisions quickly

Ex: choosing A restaurant because it's busy

Cognitive psychology

Study of thinking, problem solving, decision making, memory, and language

Interpersonal, general and naturalistic intelligence

Three specific types of intelligence

General intelligence

Broad mental capacity influencing all cognitive tasks

Interpersonal intelligence

Ability to understand and interact with others

Naturalistic intelligence

Ability to identify and classify patterns in nature