AP HUG Unit 4 review-Ammer

Sovereignty

the authority of a state to govern itself without outside interference

Self-determination

the right of a people to choose their own political status and form of government

State

a political unit with defined territory

Nation

a group of people with shared culture

Stateless nation

a nation without its own independent state

Nation-state

a state whose population shares a common culture and identity

Multi-state nation

a nation that extends across multiple countries

Multinational state

a state containing two or more distinct nations

Consequent boundary

a boundary drawn along existing cultural divisions

Subsequent boundary

a boundary created after settlement that reflects cultural differences

Relic boundary

a former boundary that no longer exists but still affects people

Superimposed boundary

a boundary placed without regard to existing cultures

Centrifugal forces

forces that divide a country such as ethnic conflict or economic inequality

Centripetal forces

forces that unite a country such as nationalism or shared culture

Gerrymandering

redrawing voting districts to benefit a political party

Packing

concentrating opposition voters into one district

Cracking

splitting opposition voters across districts

Federal state

a system where power is shared between national and regional governments

Unitary state

a system where power is concentrated in the central government

Devolution

the transfer of power from a central government to regional governments

Irredentism

a movement to unite people of the same nation across borders

Global economy

the worldwide system of trade and economic interdependence

Complementarity

when two regions trade because each has what the other lacks

Comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good more efficiently than others

Absolute advantage

the ability to produce more of a good than any other country

Supranational organization

an organization made up of multiple states that share power

European Union

a political and economic union that promotes cooperation and trade in Europe

UNCLOS

international law that defines maritime boundaries and ocean usage

Exclusive Economic Zone

an area up to 200 nautical miles where a state controls resources

Colonialism

direct political control of another territory

Neocolonialism

indirect economic or political control over a region

Shatterbelt

a region prone to conflict due to political or cultural instability

Balkanization

the breakup of a region into smaller hostile states

Choke point

a narrow strategic waterway crucial to global trade