CYTO L5

________ spreads genetic diversity by moving genes across species boundaries.

HGT

There are three stop codons or termination codon and is coded as ________, UAG, UGA.

UAA

________ can only add nucleotides to 3 ends.

DNA polymerase

In ________, transcription and translation are not coupled; transcription occurs in the nucleus, producing the mRNA.

Eukaryotic cells

________ show that parasitic bacteria have 500- 1200 genes, free- living bacteria have 1500- 7500 genes, and archaea have 1500- 2700 genes.

Genome sequences

Once the ________ is completely replicated, the two circular DNA separate and the cell divides.

genome

The ability of the ________ to synthesize DNA from RNA has been used inthe laboratory like the RT- PCR wherein it is commonly used to quantify the amount of mRNA transcribe from a gene.

Reverse transcriptase

Is the process wherein a(n) ________ by which some bacteria take up from foreign genetic material as.

horizontal gene transfer

In the ________, it begins by a complex with f- met, amino acid attach to form a chain (amino acids joined repeatedly to form proteins)

elongation stage

________: genes transferred from one bacterium to another.

Transformation

________: Generally a code only for non- essential genetic information.

Property

Plasmids are found in many bacteria and archaea- some ________, and this usually is the origin of replication, and then you can see here (the table) the organisms in which trait is found in some plasma- coded traits.

eukarya

Replication of DNA also happens in a specific site in the DNA template wherein it is termed as the "origin "and also proceeds in both directions from the origin until ________ and cytokinesis will take place.

nuclear division

________ is the synthesis of RNA that involves the assembly of basic nucleotides by an enzyme called "RNA polymerase ..

Transcription

________- readily binds to this small ribosomal subunit and its presence blocks the large and small subunits from prematurely associating.

IF3

When ________ replicate, both strands are being duplicated and each strands function as a template.

bacterial chromosomes

A bacteriophage attaches to a specific receptor on a(n) ________ cell.

host

A dynamic structure influenced by several events may include: gene ________, duplication or loss, or maybe in genome reduction or rearrangement.

acquisition

________: Large fragment of DNA in a chromosome or plasmid.

Composition

In ________, replication begins in specific sites in chromosomes called "the origin of replication ..

prokaryotes

During ________, replication is initiated once per cycle.

slow growth

The ________ is hydrolyzed providing the energy to ratchet the 50s and 30s subunits ahead one codon.

GTP

________ is basically essential in the regrouping of genes that native and foreign to the DNA segment are homologous and are being edited and combined.

Recombination

________: DNA transfer during cell- to- cell contact.

C Conjugation

________ is carried out in the cytoplasm.

Protein synthesis

________: bacterial DNA transfer by viruses.

B Transduction

The binding occurs just 4 to 8 bases upstream of the ________ start where a consensus sequence called the shine- dalgarno sequence in the mRNA anneals near the end of the 16s ribosomal RNA in the small ribosomal subunit.

AUG

The ________ is in a physiological state that will allow it to take up DNA.

recipient cell

________ is replicated and coat proteins synthesized.

Phage nucleic acid

________ are extrachromosomal structures in the cells of bacteria which have the ability to self- replicate.

Plasmids

________ are initiated at a single region which proceeds from both directions.

Replications of bacterial chromosomes

One or more base pairs are deleted in the ________ molecule.

DNA

After ________, some bacteria are lysed and release cellular contents into the surrounding environment.

cell death

________- Whether a nucleus is present or absent, and whether the cell has membrane bound organelles.

Structural Variation

________ encoded by the phage genome cut the bacterial DNA into small pieces.

Enzymes

The ________ is injected into a cell.

bacterial DNA

In bacteria such as E coli initiation requires three ________ called initiation factors IF1, IF2, and IF3.

small proteins

________- Whether the DNA is in a circular and linear form.

Molecular Variation

The ________ enters the cell.

phage DNA

So, the ________ is resulted when small pieces of chromosomes are being removed with ________ DNA.

F plasmid

One ________ is exchanged for another in the DNA molecule.

base pair

From ________, it migrates to the ribosomes where the tRNA transfer the information from ________ to rRNA.

mRNA

________ to the small subunit at a location called the A site where incoming tRNA's normally bind.

IF1 binds

The docking of the 50s subunit triggers the ________ on IF2 and the subsequent release of the initiation factors.

hydrolysis of GTP

gene acquisition, duplication or loss, or maybe in genome reduction or rearrangement

A dynamic structure influenced by several events may include

readily binds to this small ribosomal subunit and its presence blocks the large and small subunits from prematurely associating

IF3

formylmethionyl Trna

The first tRNA called N

The mentioned above are the structure of ____ and ____ the lacZ, lacY, and lacA and is being supported with a structural genes or supported by a promoter, operator, and terminator

lac operon; the three lactose metabolism genes

exchange of homologous genes on a chromosome

Recombination

genes transferred from one bacterium to another

Transformation

newly acquired DNA which is being incorporated into the genome of the recipient cell through either recombination process or insertion

Horizontal gene transfer

naked DNA uptake by bacteria

Transformation

bacterial DNA transfer by viruses

Transduction

DNA transfer during cell-to-cell contact

Conjugation

(F minus) since incomplete F plasmids are being transferred

Part of chromosome transfer to recipient cells in which the chromosome usually breaks before complete transfer and the recipient cell remains the F

Saccharomyces cerevisiae) may contain Linear RNA plasmids which are similar to the RNA found in the mitochondria of some varieties of maize plants/corn plants

Some strains of yeast (Scientific Name

Plasmids transfer information from one cell to another

Role of plasmids in bacteria

Have a true nucleus

Eukaryotes

Whether a nucleus is present or absent, and whether the cell has membrane bound organelles

Structural Variation

Whether the DNA is in a circular and linear form

Molecular Variation

 Transposase gene flanked by short repeat sequences

transposons

Move to different locations in DNA in same cell

transposons

 Recognizable gene flanked by insertion sequences

composite transposons

Same as insertion sequences, but encode additional information

composite transposons

 Circular double-stranded DNA replicon; smaller than chromosomes (These are  structures of the plasmids)

plasmids

Generally a code only for non-essential genetic information

plasmids

 Large fragment of DNA in a chromosome or plasmid

genomic islands

Code for genes that allow cell to occupy specific environmental locations

genomic islands

 Phage genome

phage DNA

May encode proteins important to bacteria

phage DNA

also called as the resistance plasmid

R Plasmid

these are responsible for the resistance of the drugs

R Plasmid

sex factor plasmid: cells which possess this plasmid are called ___ or ___

F positive (F+) or the male or donor cells

sex factor plasmid: cells that do not possess this plasmid are called ___ or ___

F negative (F-) or the recipient cell

these has antibiotic resistance gene and resistance factor

R plasmid

F or fertility factor necessary for conjugation

F plasmid

these are able to direct synthesis of copies of themselves and become incorporated into chromosomes

transposon

another term for transposon is ____ (Ability to insert themselves into a chromosome or change their location)

jumping genes