Studied by 11 peopleAnabolism
the building of larger molecules from smaller molecules
Catabolism
the breaking down of larger molecules into smaller molecules
disaccharide
formed by two monosaccharides joined via a condensation reaction
examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
starch
the storage polysaccharide of plants
glycogen
the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi
cellulose
a polymer of beta-glucose monomers
triglycerides
a form of lipid made up of one molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids
saturated fatty acid
bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tails are all single bonds
unsaturated fatty acid
bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tails are not all single bonds
monosaturated
fatty acids with one double carbon bond
polysaturated
fatty acids with multiple double carbon bonds
Cis-isomers
at the double carbon bond, the attached hydrogen atoms are all on the same side
Trans-isomers
at the double carbon bond, attached hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides
Proteins
polymers made of monomers called amino acids
Amino Acid
the monomers of polypeptides
R group
how each amino acid differs and why their properties vary
Fibrous proteins
composed of long and narrow strands with a structural role
globular proteins
composed of a compact and rounded shape with a functional role
protein denaturization
the irreversible change of protein conformation caused by temperature and pH extremes
proteome
the full range of proteins that a cell organism is able to produce
Enzymes
biological catalysts that are able to speed up the rate of chemical reactions
immobilized enzymes
an enzyme that is attached to an insoluble material to prevent mixing with the product
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA, the polymers of nucleotides
semi-conservative DNA replication
one strand of the âparentâ DNA is kept in the âdaughterâ molecule
Helicase
the enzyme responsible for unwinding the double helix by breaking down hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase
links nucleotides together to form a new strand using the pre-existing strand as a template
Transcription
when a mRNA molecule is produced from DNA
Translation
when an amino acid sequence is produced from mRNA
sense strand
the strand of the DNA molecule that that carries the genetic code
anti-sense strand
the strand that is transcribed to form the mRNA molecule
Codons
the pair of three bases on mRNA
anti-codons
tRNA molecules that are complimentary to codons of the mRNA
Cell respiration
the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP through a series of chemical reactions that happen in every cell.
ATP
a source of energy for cellular processes
Aerobic respiration
requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose
Anearobic respiration
much lower energy yield when oxygen cannot reach the organism
Photosynthesis
when simple, inorganic compounds are converted into complex organic ones
Chlorophylls
primary pigments that absorb wavelengths in the blue-violet and red regions of the light spectrum
Carotenoids
accessory pigments that absorb wavelengths of the blue-violet region of the color spectrum
Note
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