OSU Anatomy Unit 4 Exam

Frontal bone (1), parietal bones (2), occipital bone (1), temporal bones(2), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)

Bones of the cranium

Maxillae (2), Palatine bones (2), Nasal bones(2), Inferior nasal conchae (2), Zygomatic Bones (2), Lacrimal bones (2), Vomer (1), Mandible (1)

Facial Bones

Coronal Suture

Between frontal and parietal bones

Squamous suture

between parietal and temporal bones...one on each side

Sagittal suture

between parietal bones

Lamboid suture

between parietal and occipital

Zygomatic Process of Temporal Bone and Temporal Process of Zygomatic Bone

Zygomatic Arch is made up of both

Palatine processes of the maxillae and horizontal plates of the palatine bones

What forms the hard palate

Inferior Nasal conchae are their own bones...superior and middle apart of ethmoid

Difference between Inferior Nasal Conchae and Superior/Middle

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, and septal cartilage (made of hyaline cartilage)

Nasal septum is composed of what

Frontal, Ethmoid air, Sphenoid, Maxillary

Name Paranasal Sinuses

Olfactory

Cranial Nerve I

Optic

Cranial Nerve II

Oculomotor

Cranial Nerve III

Trochlear

Cranial Nerve IV

Trigeminal

Cranial Nerve V

Ophthalmic (VI), Maxillary (VII), Mandibular (VIII)

Branches of Cranial Nerve V

Abducens

Cranial Nerve VI

Facial

Cranial Nerve VII

Vestibulocochlear

Cranial Nerve VIII

Glossopharyngeal

Cranial Nerve IX

Vagus

Cranial Nerve X

Accessory

Cranial Nerve XI

Hypoglossal

Cranial Nerve XII

Olfactory (I)

Nerve passes through Cribriform foramina in cribriform plate

Optic (II)

Nerve passes through optic canal (foramen)

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear(IV), Ophthalmic and Mandibular division of Trigeminal (V), Abducens (VI)

NERVES passing through superior orbital fissure

Maxillary division of Trigeminal (V)

Nerve passing through foramen rotundum

Facial (VII)

Nerve passing through internal acoustic meatus through facial canal stylomastoid foramen

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Nerve passing through internal acoustic meatus

Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI)

NERVES passing through jugular foramen

Hypoglossal (XII)

Nerve passing through hypoglossal canal

Ectoderm

Derivative of Primary Germ Layer--all nervous tissue, epidermis of skin

Mesoderm

Derivative of Primary Germ Layer--skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

Endoderm

Derivative of Primary Germ Layer--epithelium of digestive tract

Telencephalon

Adult Brain Structures--Cerebrum

Adult neural canal region--Lateral Ventricles

Diencephalon

Adult Brain Structures--thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Adult neural canal region--third ventricle

Mesencephalon

Adult Brain Structures--Brain stem: midbrain

Adult Neural canal region--Cerebral aqueduct

Metencephalon

Adult Brain Structures--brainstem: pons, cerebellum

Adult neural canal region--fourth canal

Myelencephalon

Adult Brain Structures--Brainstem: medulla oblongata

Adult neural canal region--Fourth ventricle

White Matter

composed of primarily myelinated axons; white due to myelin

Gray Matter

composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated

Ganglion

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

Nucleus

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in CNS

Nerve

Bundle of neuronal axons in PNS

Tract

Bundle of neuronal axons in CNS

Frontal Lobe

Lobe

Conscious Control of skeletal muscles

Parietal Lobe

Lobe

"sensory information"...touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste

Occipital

Lobe

Vision

Temporal

Lobe

Smell and Hearing

Thalamus

helps in mediation of sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory; relay station for most sensory information

Hypothalamus

maintains homeostasis

Epithalamus

sleep-wake cycle

Cerebellum

provides timing and patterns of skeletal muscle contractions smooth and coordinated

1.) Covers and protects

2.) Protects and supports blood vessels and encloses dural venous sinuses

3.) Contains cerebrospinal fluid

4.) Partitions the skull

4 Functions of Meninges

1.) Dura mater

2.) Arachnoid mater

3.) Pia mater

Cranial meninges (superficial to deep)

Epidural and Subdural Spaces

Potential Space in Cranium

Subarachnoid Space

Actual Space in Cranium

Anterior communicating artery

Anterior cerebral arteries

Internal carotid arteries

Posterior communicating arteries

Posterior cerebral arteries

Circle of Willis is composed of

1.) Bone

2.) Meninges

3.)CSF

Spinal cord is protected by

Epidural Space and Subarachnoid Space

Actual Space in Spinal Cord

Subdural Space

Potential Space in Spinal Cord

31 (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal

Pairs of Spinal Nerves

Mechanoreceptors

receptor that responds to mechanical force that deforms (Pressure)

Thermoreceptors

receptor that responds to change in temperature

Photoreceptors

receptor that responds to light energy (Retina)

Chemoreceptor

receptor that responds to chemicals

Nociceptors

receptor that responds to potentially damaging stimuli (sense pain, excessive heat or cold)

Exteroceptor

respond to stimuli outside of body

Interoceptor

respond to stimuli within body

Proprioceptor

like interoceptors, respond to internal stimuli; only located in skeletal muscle, tendons, joints, and ligaments however

Simple receptor

modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons (touch, pressure, vibration)

Complex receptor

sense organs (receptor)

Chemoreceptor

Type of receptor for taste

Chemoreceptor

Type of receptor for smell

Photoreceptor

Type of receptor for sight

Sclera and cornea

Fibrous tunic of eye is composed of

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

Vascular tunic of eye composed of

Mechanoreceptor

Type of receptor for hearing

1.) Auricle/Pinna

2.) External Auditory Canal

Two parts of outer ear

1.)Malleus

2.)Incus

3.)Stapes

Three bones of middle ear

1.) Cochlea

2.)Vestibule

3.)Semicircular Canals

Three bony regions within inner ear

12

Pairs of Cranial Nerves

Sensory...smell

Sensory / Motor/Both... Function of Olfactory (I)

Sensory...vision

Sensory / Motor/Both... Function of Optic(II)

Postcentral Gyrus

Brodman's Areas 3,1,2...Primary sensory reception area

Precentral Gyrus

Brodman's Area 4...Primary motor area

Primary visual area

Brodman's Area 17

Secondary visual area

Brodman's Area 18

Primary auditory cortex

Brodman's Area 41

Secondary auditory cortex

Brodman's Area 42

Personality and Characteristic Traits

Brodman's Areas 9,10,11

Brocha's speech area....motor area of speech, only on dominant hemisphere

Brodman's Areas 44,45

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Derivatives of Forebrain (prosenephalon)

*Trick Question---Mesencephalon is derivative of original enlargement

Derivative of Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

Derivative of Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Epidural Space--potential space in brain and actual space in spinal cord

Which space (subarachnoid, subdural, epidural) is discontinous

Subarachnoid Space

Actual Space in Cranium and Spinal Cord

Subdural Space

Potential space in Cranium and Spinal Cord

Motor...eye motion

Sensory / Motor/Both... Function of Oculomotor (III)