Cannabis

Cannabis sativa

Annual weed from the hemp family that is endemic to Caucasus, northern India and Iran; exhibits high phenotypic plasticity

fibre, rope and canvas cloth, rich in oil and low in psychoactive chemicals, soaps and lamp oil and paint base

Cannabis sativa plant stems are a source of ____ and can be used to make ____ while seeds are _____ and can be used to make _____

pain relief, sleep induction, soothing agent for nervous disorders, gout, salve for burns

Cannabis sativa leaves and seeds have been used in traditional medicine for ____, ___, and as a ____ and its roots were used in medieval Europe to treat ____ and as a ____

1920s, immigrant migrant workers, China, liberator of sin, delight giver, Hindu culture, heavenly guide, soother of grief

Smoking cannabis was introduced in North America in the ____ by _____, however in the old world it was used by _____ (pre-Christian era = _____, post-Christian era = _____) and in _____ (_____,_____)

Cannabis indica

Type of cannabis that was annotated by French journalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck which has physically sedating and relaxing effects

Cannabis sativa L.

Type of cannabis that was annotated by Carl Linneaus that has psychoactive properties and can have invigorating, uplifting cerebral effects

Hemp

A type of cannabis that has no medicinal properties

Cannabis ruderalis

A type of cannabis annotated by D. E. Janischevisky that is rare

Cannabinoids

The major psychoactive ingredient in cannabis

lipid, terpenophenolics, shikimate, malonic acid, mevalonic acid

Cannabinoids are ____ soluble and could be referred to as _____— are made using a combination of the ____, ____, and ____ pathways

hexanoic acid conversion by hexanoyl-CoA synthetase into hexanoyl-CoA which is converted with malonyl-CoA into olivetolic acid by polyketide synthase which is converted with GPP into cannabigerolic acid by aromatic prenyltransferase which is converted into THCA using THCA synthase which is converted into THC using heat

The cannabinoid biosynthesis steps are:

acyl-CoA synthesis, polyketide synthesis, aromatic prenylation, oxidation, cyclization, and decoration

The phases of cannabinoid synthesis are:

113, tetrahydrocannabinols (THCs)

There are more than ____ identified cannabinoids in cannabis, 11 of which are ______

Nabilone

Synthetic cannabinoid Eli Lilly that mimics THC which is used as an antiemetic and as an analgesia for neuropathic pain

resin, flowering tops and young leaves, sub epidermal, mature leaves, fibrous stalks and mature seeds

THC is concentrated in the ____ of cannabis which is primarily found in ______ (the ______ cells of these tissues); less is found in _____ and even less in _____

India, charas, hashish, young leaves and flowers, 7-14

Cannabis resin harvesting was developed in _____ and pure resin (referred to as ____ in India and ____ everywhere else) is removed from ______ which has a THC content of ____%

tops, male plants, pollen production, synthesis of cannabinoids declines, diverts energy to seed production, ganja, sinsemilla, marijuana, dried and ground into powder, bhang

The ____ of plants with unfertilised female flowers are collected and _____ are removed before ____ because after fertilization _____ because the female plant ______. The plant material is then dried (referred to as ____ in India, ____ in Mexico, and ____ everywhere else). The remaining plant material after tops have been harvested can be ____ (referred to as ____ in India)

Bhang

Low grade product of cannabis with less than 1% THC content— is often added to drinks or candies and is used during Holi, a religious festival in India

1964

THC was isolated and synthesized in ____

THC, brain, liver

When cannabis is smoked _____ is rapidly absorbed, first reaching the ____ then the rest of the body— it is metabolized in the ____

electrical properties, serotonin and dopamine, prostaglandin synthesis, bind different sites

THC alters _____ of nerve membranes, alters turnover rates of ______, and affects _____. THC and its derivatives have ____

25-50, 200-250

THC causes a state of euphoria at ____ ug/kg of bodyweight and is hallucinogenic at ____ ug/kg of bodyweight

physically addicted, dependence, social and behavioural

Very heavy cannabis users can become _____ and high usage can cause _____ leading to _____ problems for the user

neuralgia, depression, rheumatism, epilepsy, and types of glaucoma

In modern medicine THC is used for…

Marinol

Compound with 2.5-10 mg of THC that is used to control nausea caused by radiation and chemotherapy

Anandamide

Endogenous cannabinoid made from N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine and is degraded by FAAH

2-AG

Endogenous cannabinoid that is an ester formed from arachidonic acid and glycerol and is an endogenous agonist of the CB1 receptor

CB1

Cannabinoid receptors bound by THC primarily found in the brain and central nervous system and to a lesser extent in other tissues

CB2

Cannabinoid receptors bound by cannabinol primarily found in the peripheral organs, especially cells associated with the immune system

Cannabidiol

Cannabinoid that does not directly bind CB1 or CB2 but has powerful indirect effects

basal ganglia, globus plallidus, substantia nigra, cerebellum, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, putamen, hypothalamus

CB1 receptor density is highest in the _____, ____, and _____, is moderate in the ____, ____, ____, and ____

2-AG, agonist, central nervous system

____ is the second endocannabinoid and is an endogenous ____ of the CB1 receptor— it is present at relatively high levels in the _____

on demand

Endocannabinoids are produced _____ from membrane fatty acid precursors

deficient, multiple sclerosis, cause brain impairment as it stimulates all CB1 receptors, inhibition degradation

Endocannabinoids are ____ in lesions in the motor centre in ____ compared to unaffected area— dosing can cause ____ therefore instead _____ selectively increases concentration in the lesions to enable symptom management

further neurotransmitter release

Endocannabinoids are released to the pre-synaptic neuron to inhibit…

glandular, sessile, stalked, bulbous, morphology, metabolite content

All cannabis flower trichomes are all ____ and ____, which is different than ____ and ____— the trichomes alter ___ and ____ during flower maturation

Harry Anslinger

Widely regarded as the War on Drugs