Human Anatomy: Muscle Types, Movements, and specific Musculature

Comprehensive practice questions covering muscle physiology, anatomical movement terminology, and specific muscle origins, insertions, and actions as presented in the lecture notes.

What are the three types of muscles found in the human body?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

How are skeletal muscles characterized in terms of control and appearance?

Striated, voluntary, and organized into superficial, middle, and deep layers

Where are smooth muscles typically found?

In the walls of various organs and blood vessels

How are smooth muscles characterized in terms of control and appearance?

No striations and involuntary

Where is cardiac muscle located and what are its characteristics?

Found in the heart; striated and involuntary

Exactly how many skeletal muscles are in the body and what percentage of body weight do they constitute?

$650$ skeletal muscles making up about $40\%$ of the body's weight

In skeletal muscle connections, what is the difference between an 'Origin' and an 'Insertion'?

Origin is the unmovable connection, while Insertion is the moveable connection

What is the difference between an Agonist and an Antagonist muscle?

An Agonist is the primary movement muscle, while an Antagonist is the muscle providing opposing movement

How is 'Flexion' defined in joint terminology?

Closing a joint (bending)

How is 'Extension' defined in joint terminology?

Opening a joint

What is the exception for shoulder movement terminology regarding Flexion and Extension?

Flexion is moving the arm anteriorly, and Extension is moving the arm posteriorly

Define 'Abduction' and 'Adduction'.

Abduction is movement away from the midline; Adduction is movement towards the midline

Define 'Elevation' and 'Depression' as they relate to the jaw.

Elevation is jaw closing; Depression is jaw opening

What is 'Rotation' in anatomical terms?

Moving a body part around its own axis

What is the difference between 'Supination' and 'Pronation' of the palm?

Supination is turning the palm anteriorly; Pronation is turning the palm posteriorly

What is the difference between 'Supine' and 'Prone' positions?

Supine is the patient laying on their back; Prone is laying face down

Define jaw 'Protraction' and 'Retraction'.

Protraction is moving the jaw anteriorly; Retraction is moving the jaw posteriorly

Which four movements are combined to perform 'Circumduction'?

Flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

What is the movement of 'Opposition'?

Touching the thumb to each of the fingertips

Define 'Inversion' and 'Eversion' of the foot.

Inversion is turning the sole of the foot inward; Eversion is turning the sole of the foot outward

Define 'Dorsiflexion' and 'Plantar flexion'.

Dorsiflexion is moving the foot superiorly; Plantar flexion is moving the foot inferiorly

What are two unique characteristics of the Sartorius muscle?

It is the longest muscle in the body and it crosses $2$ joints (lateral hip to medial knee)

What three structures form the borders of the Femoral triangle?

Sartorius, Adductor longus, and the Inguinal Ligament

What is the origin and action of the Buccinator muscle?

Originates from the maxilla and mandible; action is to compress cheeks

What are the origin, insertion, and action of the Pectoralis major?

Origin: Clavicle, sternum, and upper costal cartilages of the ribs; Insertion: Greater tubercle; Action: Flexes shoulder and adducts the humerus

What is the origin and insertion of the Trapezius muscle?

Origin: Occipital bone and spinous processes of $C7$ and all thoracic vertebrae; Insertion: Acromial extremity of clavicle and scapular spine

What is the specific action of the Trapezius?

Elevates and adducts the scapula

Where does the Sternocleidomastoid originate and insert?

Origin: Clavicle; Insertion: Mastoid process

What is the origin and action of the Masseter muscle?

Origin: Zygomatic arch; Action: Elevates mandible

What are the origin, insertion, and action of the Adductor longus?

Origin: Pubis bone; Insertion: Posterior femur; Action: Adducts

Where does the Biceps femoris insert and what is its dual action?

Inserts at the Fibular head; Flexes the knee and extends the hip

What is the origin and insertion of the Deltoid muscle?

Origin: Acromion and scapula spine; Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

What is the origin and insertion of the Triceps brachii?

Origin: Scapula and humerus; Insertion: Olecranon process of the ulna

What is the insertion and primary action of the Biceps brachii?

Insertion: Radial tuberosity; Action: Flexes elbow and supinates hand/wrists

What are the origin and insertion of the Supinator muscle?

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal ulna; Insertion: Proximal radius