Anat and phys exam 1

Dr. F delval

2 ways anatomy is divided

Macroscopic and microscopic

Macroscopic

“gross” anatomy, can see with naked eye; dissections, organs, organ systems

Microscopic

Study of cells and tissue through a microscope

Cytology

Study of cells

Histology

Study of tissue

Anatomy vs physiology

Study of structure, study of function

Anatomy (smallest to largest)

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Cell

Smallest unit of life

Tissue

Group of cells that perform the same function (muscle, nerve)

Organs

2 or more types of tissue in same structure (skin, kidney, intestine, liver)

Organ Systems

2 or more organs working together (respiratory, digestive, repro, cardiovascular)

Parts of a cell

cell membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

Includes the lipid bilayer (outside hydrophilic, inside hydrophobic), and contains integral proteins like carriers, channels, and receptors

Cytoplasm

gel-like fluid in the cell, very dynamic and constantly moving things

Nucleus

Center of the cell that has RNA and DNA

Organelles of the cell

Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Centrosome

Rough ER

Has ribosomes, MAKES proteins

Smooth ER

Makes lipids

Golgi Apparatus

Packages proteins/fats and exports them out of the cell

Mitochondria

Makes ATP through citric acid cycle, generates aerobically (more efficient) or anaerobically, catabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins

Lysosome

Intracellular digestion

Centrosome

Spindle pole, organizes during cell division

Cell growth

Hyperplasia or hypertrophy, increase cell number or size

Hyperplasia

Increase number, reproduction of cells

Hypoplasia

Tissue doesn’t develop completely, less cells

Aplasia

Tissue doesn’t develop at all

Hypertrophy

Increase size of a cell with increased functional capacity

Atrophy

Decrease size of cell, not being used so tissue decreases in size

Mitosis

Asexual cell reproduction

Meiosis

s3xual cell reproduction (knowt won’t let me type s3x)

Metabolism

Utilizing of nutrients, everything that builds-up or breaks down nutrients, anabolism or catabolism

Anabolism

Uses ATP, builds nutrients

Catabolism

Releases ATP, breakdown nutrients

Properties of Cell Physiology

Irritability (excitability, reacts to stimuli), transport (gets material in/out of cells)

Organic

CHOPSN

Proteins

Macromolecules lined with Amino Acids, can be structural (part of cells, tissues, organs) or reactive (enzymes, receptors, hormones, contractile, antibodies)

Protein structure

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Primary protein

Sequence of Amino Acids

Secondary protein

Conformation of the polypeptide chain

Tertiary protein

Folding of chain

Quaternary protein (most important)

Joining of 2 or more polypeptide chain; makes protein have a specific shape that goes into specific receptor, antibodies make 3d model of protein to combat disease

Lipids

Macromolecule, fats, cell membranes

Carbohydrates

Used for energy, glucose and glycogen

Glucose vs Glycogen

Main source of energy, how the energy is stored (polymer, liver/muscle storage)

Nucleic Acid

DNA, RNA, genetics and protein synthesis

Transverse plane

Separates Cranial (front) and Caudal (back); can also separate rostral (close to nose) from caudal (close to head)

Horizontal plane

Separates dorsal (top) from ventral (bottom)

Median (midsagittal) plane

Separates body left and right

Sagital Plane

Planes parallel to the median plane

Cranial

Towards head, front half (blue)

Caudal

Towards tail, back half (red), can also be used towards the top of the head

Dorsal

Towards back, top half (yellow)

Ventral

Towards stomach, bottom half (orange)

Rostal

Used on head only (along with caudal in some scenarios), towards nose (purple)

Lateral

Away from median plane (what splits into left and right)

Medial

Towards Median plane (what splits into left and right)

Distal

Used on limbs only, away from body trunk, gray

Proximal

Used on limbs only, closer to body trunk, brown

How to name directional terms

[body part A] is [directional term showing what A is closer to] to [body part B]; Example: Forelimb is cranial to hindlimb

Superficial

Away from animal’s core

Deep

Towards animal’s core

Palmer

Caudal aspect of front limb, palm, front green

Plantar

Caudal aspect of back limb, palm, back green

Prone

Animal lying on belly

Supine

Animal lying on back

Gamete

Sex cell, haploid, oocyte (F) + spermatozoan (M) = zygote

Zygote

Fertilization of egg and sperm

Zona pellucida

Glycoprotein layer that surrounds egg. Hardens when single sperm enters cell (if 2 sperm enters, twins)

Mitosis

Cell division, forms the morula (ball of

cells) (2 → 4 → 8 →16) 16 total once

mitosis is complete and comes a blastocyst, the collection of cells on the inside becomes animal

Blastocyst (blastula)

Hollow ball of cells with blastocele (cavity)

Inner cell mass

Inside of blastocyst that forms embryo, multiplies and

divides into 3 germ layers

Trophoblast

Outside of blastocyst and becomes placenta

Order of fertilization

1st, mitosis in uterine tube/oviduct (2,4,8 cell stage), travels to uterus for morula 16-cell stage and blastocoel, hatches once implantation occurs and sticks to uterus wall

Blastocoel

Cavity in blastocyst

Gastrulation

After blastulation, forms 3 germ layers of inner cell mass (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

Ectoderm(gastrulation)

Outer layer that forms from epiblasts; Becomes epidermis, hair, hooves, epithelium of sense organs, and nerve tissue (basically surface stuff and nerve tissues)

Endoderm (gastrulation)

Inner layer that forms from hypoblast cells, grows down and forms primitive gut (archenteron), becomes epithelium of gut, respiratory tract, and lower urinary tract (bottom stuff)

Mesoderm (gastrulation)

Middle layer, forms between other two, divided into somatic and splanchnic layers. has coelom; becomes all connective tissue, muscles, and epithelium of gonads and joints

Two layers of mesoderm

Somatic and Splanchnic

Somatic layer

Next to ectoderm; creates bones, ligaments, blood vessels, and connective tissues of the limbs

Splanchnic layer

Next to endoderm; makes heart, gut muscles and blood vessels

Coelom

Cavity forms between somatic and splanchnic in mesoderm, precursor to body cavities

Neurolation

Formation of the spinal chord. Ectoderm dorsal to Notochord (neural plate) thickens and folds into a groove, with both the meeting to form a tube. Thickens at cranial end to become brain, hollow tube filled with CSF(cerebrospinal fluid), spine forms, peripheral nerves grow laterally

CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid

Notochord

Develops from mesoderm to make first rod-like support structure in vertebrates, replace by vertebrae of the spin in later embryo, small remnant as nucleus pulposus inside intervertebral disks

Embryo development

Germ layers form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems, fetus forms when organs are in place (1st trimester)

Four basic types of primary tissue

Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural/nerve

Naming of epithelial cells

By number of layers and shape of cell

Simple

One layer thick epithelial, allows for material exchange

Stratified

Two layer thick epithelial, allows for protection

Main types of epithelial cells

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, transitional, pseudo-stratified, ciliated columnar, stratified squamous (nonkeratinizing), stratified squamous (keratinizing)

Simple squamous (epithelial)

Single lay of thin, flat cells with IRREGULAR outlines, forms continuous thin membranes, allows for passage of different substances; includes endothelium, mesothelium, and mesenchymal

Endothelium simple squamous

Simple layer of squamous cells forming the inner lining of the heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels

Mesothelium simple squamous

Simple squamous epithelium lining the body cavities (pleura and peritoneum)

Mesenchymal simple squamous

Simple squamous lining of the subarachnoid spaces (in the brain) and chambers of the eye

Epithelial

Sheet-like lining, covers organs, makes glandular tissue, secretory cells of gland, lines viscera organs and blood vessels

Simple cuboidal (epithelial)

Equal height/square (appear square), widely distributed, found in outer covering of the ovary, glandular tissues, like thyroid and kidney

Simple columnar (epithelial)

Taller than wide, lining for digestive tract, can be either absorptive or secretory or both, some secrete mucus fir protection, can be ciliated

Ciliated simple columnar

In oviduct/uterine tube, moves tubular contents in single direction (like if something gets stuck in your throat)

Transitional (epithelium)

Stratified with varied appearance, lining of muscular urinary bladder (when empty, bladder contracts and has many layers, when full, bladder stretches and only has 2-3 layers)