Exam 3 Notes - Cardiovascular and Renal Physiology

Functions of blood

Transportation, regulation, and protection

Clotting

Circulatory system protects against blood loss from injury and foreign microbes

Immune function

Performed by leukocytes that protect against many diseases

Blood volume

Males: 5-6L, Females: 4-5L

Blood

Connective tissue containing cellular and liquid components

Hematocrit

Percentage of blood volume that consists of RBCs

Albumin

Plasma protein that provides osmotic pressure

Globulin

Plasma protein involved in lipid transport and immunity

Fibrinogen

Plasma protein important for blood clotting

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport O2 and CO2

Leukocytes

White blood cells involved in immune response

Neutrophils

Phagocytes that engulf bacteria

Eosinophils

Cells that turn off allergic responses and kill parasites

Basophils

Cells that release histamine and mediate inflammation

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting

Hematopoiesis

Process of blood cell formation

Bilirubin

Greenish pigment that increases with damaged red blood cells

TPR

Total peripheral resistance in capillaries

SV

Stroke volume - volume ejected from the ventricle per beat

CO

Cardiac output - amount of blood each ventricle can pump per minute

Erythropoiesis

Formation of erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Myeloid tissue

Red bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells

Lymphoid tissue

Includes lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus

RBCs and hemoglobin synthesis

Depends on the supply of iron, B12, and folic acid

Anemia

Low erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations

Sickle cell disease

Inherited blood disorder affecting RBCs

Leukemia

Cancer of the blood classified as lymphoblastic or myeloblastic

Thrombocytopenia

Abnormally low concentration of platelets

Blood vessels

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Tunica intima

Innermost layer of blood vessels

Tunica media

Middle layer of blood vessels with smooth muscle

Tunica externa

Outermost layer of blood vessels composed of connective tissue

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood towards the heart

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels for exchange of molecules

Heart structure

4 chambers and 4 valves

Systemic circulation

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body

Pulmonary circulation

Carries oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs

Hemodynamics

Study of blood flow and pressure in the circulatory system

Velocity of blood flow

Directly proportional to blood flow and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area

Capacitance

Inversely related to elastance; describes volume changes in response to pressure

Mean arterial pressure

Approximately diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure

Hypertension

High blood pressure; primary and secondary causes

Drugs to treat high BP

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers

Electrocardiograms

Measure electrical activity of the heart

Nodal/conducting cells

Spontaneously generate action potentials and conduct them in the heart

Arrhythmias

Abnormalities in impulse formation or conduction in the heart

Cardiac cycle

Steps in the heart's contraction and relaxation

Cardiac O2 consumption

Directly related to tension developed by ventricles

Heart sounds

S1, S2, S3, murmurs

Atherosclerosis

Buildup of plaque in arteries, leading to obstruction

Atrial fibrillation

Irregular and rapid heartbeat in the atria

Atrial flutter

Regular and fast heartbeat in the atria

Heart murmurs

Abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent blood flow

ECG electrodes

Detect electric potential changes in the heart

ECG leads

Different views of the heart's electrical activity

Atherosclerosis

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup

Pyelonephritis

Bacterial infection of the kidneys

Urinary stones

Hard masses that form in the urinary tract

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney's glomeruli

Acid-Base Balance

Regulation of pH in the body

Buffers

Substances that prevent changes in pH

Renal clearance

Volume of plasma cleared of a substance per unit time

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney

Body fluids

Total body water and its distribution

Glomerular filtration rate

Measurement of the rate at which the kidneys filter blood

Renal disorders

Pyelonephritis, urinary stones, glomerulonephritis

Mitral stenosis

Narrowing of the mitral valve

Mitral regurgitation

Leaking of blood through the mitral valve

CO distribution

Distribution of cardiac output to different organs

Regulation of arterial pressure

Fast neural mechanisms and slow hormonal mechanisms

Other regulation of arterial BP

Cerebral ischemia, chemoreceptors, vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Hormonal mechanism for regulating blood volume

Pyelonephritis

Bacterial infection of the kidneys

Stones in the urinary tract

Hard masses that form in the urinary tract

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney's glomeruli

Acid-Base Balance

Regulation of pH in the body

Buffers

Substances that prevent changes in pH

Renal clearance

Volume of plasma cleared of a substance per unit time

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney

Body fluids

Total body water and its distribution

Glomerular filtration rate

Measurement of the rate at which the kidneys filter blood

Renal disorders

Pyelonephritis, urinary stones, glomerulonephritis

Mitral stenosis

Narrowing of the mitral valve

Mitral regurgitation

Leaking of blood through the mitral valve

CO distribution

Distribution of cardiac output to different organs

Regulation of arterial pressure

Fast neural mechanisms and slow hormonal mechanisms

Other regulation of arterial BP

Cerebral ischemia, chemoreceptors, vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Hormonal mechanism for regulating blood volume

Atherosclerosis

Buildup of plaque in arteries, leading to obstruction

Pyelonephritis

Bacterial infection of the kidneys

Stones in the urinary tract

Hard masses that form in the urinary tract

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney's glomeruli

Acid-Base Balance

Regulation of pH in the body

Buffers

Substances that prevent changes in pH

Renal clearance

Volume of plasma cleared of a substance per unit time

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney

Body fluids

Total body water and its distribution

Glomerular filtration rate

Measurement of the rate at which the kidneys filter blood

Renal disorders

Pyelonephritis, urinary stones, glomerulonephritis