Unit #7 Development AP Human Gepgraphy

Industrial revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Brick-and-mortar industry

Traditional businesses with actual stores in which trade or retail occurs, it does not exist solely on the internet.

Footloose industry

Industry that locate in a wide variety of places without a significant change in its cost of transportation, land, labor, and capital

Ullman's conceptual frame

Proposed that trade was an interaction based on three phenomena: complementarity, intervening opportunities, and transferability of commodities.

Complementarity

The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions.

Intervening Opportunity/Obstacle

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away or something that impedes movement to another location

Transferability

The cost of moving a good and the ability of the good to withstand that cost

Weber's Least cost theory

Theory that described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration

Bulk Reducing

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Bulk gaining

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Substitution principle

Principle that maintains that the correct location of a production facility is where the net profit is the greatest. Therefore in industry, there is a tendency to substitute one factor of production (e.g., labor) for another (e.g., capital for automated equipment) in order to achieve optimum plant location.

Hotelling's model

Hotelling's theory asserts that an industry's locational choices are heavily influenced by the location of their chief competitors and related industries. In other words, industries do not make isolated decisions on locations without considering where other, related industries exist.

location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind.

Lösch's model (zone of profitability)

Firms will identify a zone of profitability (not just a point) where income will outpace costs.

Factors of industrial location

The numerous costs that are considered; Some costs are transportation, labor, agglomeration, market, energy, terrain, climate, personal preference, the product itself.

Primary industrial regions

Western and Central Europe; Eastern North America; Russia and Ukraine; and Eastern Asia, each of which consists of one or more core areas of industrial development with subsidiary clusters

NIMBYism

NIMBY is an acronym for "not in my backyard;" it's used to describe opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development close to them. Examples may include, but are not limited to tall buildings, wind turbines, landfills, incinerators, power plants, prisons, mobile telephone network masts, and especially transportation improvements (e.g. new roads, passenger railways or highways.

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

GDP per capita

Gross domestic product divided by the number of people in the population.

GNP per capita

Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year

GNI per capita

Gross national income divided by the number of people in the population.

HDI (Human Development Index)

a measure of a country's standard of living, including health and education

PQLI (Physical Quality of Life Index)

A composite of infant mortality, life expectancy at age 1 and literacy rates (1-100)

Core-Periphery Model

A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

World Systems Theory (Immanuel Wallerstein)

Internationally, labor is divided between three countries: core countries, semi-periphery countries, and periphery countries. Core countries dominate markets in productivity (cheaper prices), trade (favorable balance of trade for dominant nation), and finance (more money enters the country and leaves), peripheral nations (economically specialized (usually, substantial economic inequality, not industrialized), and semiperipheral nations (core nations that fell in status, or peripherals that rose)

Liberal Models of Development

Less government control of economy; invisible hand; capitalism
• EX: United States; Modernization Theory

Dependency Theory

A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop.

Neocolonialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.

Economic Backwaters

Regions that fail to gain from national economic development.

Venture capital

Money that is invested in new or emerging companies that are perceived as having great profit potential

Deindustrialization

The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.

Backwash effect

The negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region.

OECD

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

NGO

non-governmental organization

Special Economic Zones

Region offering special tax breaks, eased environmental restrictions, and other incentives to attract foreign business and investment.

Export processing zone

Industrial parks for foreign companies to conduct export-oriented manufacturing

Maquiladora

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

High-technology corridors

Areas alone or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to research, development, and sale of high technology products

Time-space convergence

The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places

Time-space compression

Through processes such as globalization time is accelerated and the significance of space is reduced

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

Commodification

The process through which something is given monetary value; occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy.

Commercialization

The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.

Homogenization

A trend toward uniformity, as with world popular culture as a result of globalization.

Horizontal integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Global-local continuum

the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice-versa

Glocalization

The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

Regionalization

Process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country; certain economic activities may dominate in particular regions.

Synergy

combined action or operation

Gatekeeper

the buying center participant who controls information or access to decision makers and influencers

Market economy

Economic decisions are made by individuals or the open market.

Planned economy

economy that relies on a centralized government to control all or most factors of production and to make all or most production and allocation decisions

Mixed economy

An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion.

Informal economy

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy