Major Coenzymes

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Major metabolic roles:

- transfer of phosphoryl or nucleotidyl groups

Mechanistic role:

- Cosubstrate

S-Adenosylmethionine

Major metabolic roles:

- Transfer of methyl groups

Mechanistic role:

- Cosubstrate

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose

Major metabolic roles:

- Transfer of glycosyl group

Mechanistic role:

- Cosubstrate

NAD+ and NADP+

Vitamin source:

- Niacin B3

Major metabolic roles:

- Oxidation-reduction reactions involving two-electron transfers

Mechanistic role:

- Cosubstrate

Flavin mononucleotide FMN & flavin adenin dinucleotide FAD

Vitamin Source:

- Riboflavin B2

Major metabolic roles:

- Oxidation-reduction reactions involving one or two-electron transfers

Mechanistic role:

- Prosthetic group

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Vitamin Source:

- Pantothenate B5

Major metabolic roles:

- Transfer of acyl groups

Mechanistic role:

- Cosubstrate

Thiamine pyrophosphate TPP

Vitamin Source:

- Thiamine B1 

Major metabolic roles:

- Transfer of multi-carbon fragments containing a carbonyl group

Mechanistic role:

- Prosthetic group

Pyridoxal Phosphate PLP

Vitamin Source:

- Pyridoxine B6

Major metabolic roles:

- Transfer of groups to and from amino acids

Mechanistic role:

- Prosthetic group

Biotin

Vitamin Source:

- Biotin B7

Major metabolic roles:

- ATP-dependent carboxylation of substrates or carboxyl-group transfer between substrates

Mechanistic role:

- Prosthetic group

Tetrahydrofolate

Vitamin Source:

- Folate

Major metabolic roles:

- Transfer of one-carbon substituents, especially formyl and hydroxymethyl groups; provides the methyl group for thymine in DNA

Mechanistic role:

- Cosubstrate

Cobalamin

Vitamin Source:

- Cobalamin B12

Major metabolic roles:

- Intramolecular rearrangements, transfer of methyl groups

Mechanistic role:

- Prosthetic group

Lipoamide

Major metabolic roles:

- Oxidation of a hydroxyalkyl group from TPP and subsequent transfer as an acyl group

Mechanistic role:

- Prosthetic group

Retinal

Vitamin Source:

- Vitamin A

Major metabolic roles:

- Vision 

Mechanistic role:

- Prosthetic group

Vitamin K

Vitamin Source:

- Vitamin K

Major metabolic roles:

- Carboxylation of some glutamate residues

Mechanistic role:

- Prosthetic group

Ubiquinone Q

Major metabolic roles:

- Lipid-soluble electron carrier

Mechanistic role:

- Cosubstrate

Heme Group

Major metabolic roles:

- Electron transfer

Mechanistic role:

- Prosthetic group

Ascorbate (C)

Scurvy: Leads to defective collagen synthesis → connective tissue fragility

Thiamine B1

Beriberi: leads to impaired energy metabolism → neurological and/or cardiovascular problems

Riboflavin B2

Growth Retardation: leads to slowing or delay in normal physical growth and development compared to expected standards for age and sex

Nicotinic acid B3

Pellagra: Leads to Dermatitis, Diarrhea, and Dementia

Pantothenate B5

Dermatitis in chickens: leads to inflammation of the skin, from poor nutrition

Pyridoxal B6

Dermatitis in rats: inflammation of the skin, deficiencies in diet

Vitamin A

retinol from B-cartene

vision

Vitamin D 

hormones that help control Ca+2 utilization 

Increases intestinal and renal absorption

promotes bone health

Vitamin E

reducing agent that scavenges oxygen and free radicals

Maintains integrity in RBCs, immune function, nervous system

Vitamin K

required to synthesize blood coagulation proteins

Helps for blood clotting