UA renal diseases

Most glomerular disorders result from

immunological disorders that include the kidney

Lab finding of blood, protein, and casts indicate

glomerulonephritis

RBC casts, Dysmorphic RBCs, hyaline and granular casts, WBCs in the urine after a strep infection indicate

Post streptococcal glomerulonenephritis

Increased IgA serum levels remain after some macroscopic hematouria indicating

IGA nephropathy

marked protenuria (>3.5 G/day), fat droplets, oval fat bodies, fatty casts, Hypoalbuminemia in the blood, indicate

Nephrotic syndrome

What can cause acute tubular necrosis

Shock, trauma, surgical procedures, and expire antibiotics

acute tubular necrosis

damage to the renal tubular epithelial cells

Diabetes insipidus

tubules are unable to respond to ADH or lack of ADH is occurring causing excessive amounts of urine to be excreeted

Low specific gravity, pale yellow urine, polyuria, polydipsia, decreased production or function of ADH

Diabetes insipidus

What type of diabetes is not a tubular disorder

Diabetes mellitus

highrt specific gravity, pale yellow urine, polyuria, polydipsia, and small amounts for albumin

early neuropathy in diabetes mellitus patient

failure to reabsorb in the PCT

Fanconi syndrome

inability for renal tubules to absorb cystine

cystinuria

Affects the kidneys ability to secrete hydrogen ions or reabsorb bicarb

renal tubular acidosis

Infection of the baladder

cystitis

infection of anything above the bladder

Pyelonephritis

WBC, WBC clumps, bacteri, nitrate + (sometimes) indicate

UTI

WBC casts, granular casts, waxy casts, broad casts, polyuria, burning with urination, lower back pain, indicate

Pyelonephritis

Rash, increased eosinophils, causing kidney issues and lower back pain that is treated with steroids

acute interstitial nephritis

decrease glomerular filtration less than 25ml/min, rise in BUN and creatine, high electrolytes in the blood indicate

renal failure

Lithotripsy

High energy shock waves are used to break up stones

75% of calculi are made from

calcium oxalate

What affects the formation of kidney stones

• Ph

• chemical concentration

• urinary stasis

PKD is a disease that is associated with

formation of cysts in kidneys

GFR decline rate in PKD

4-5 mL/min/year

How is the progression of IgA neuropathy monitored

Protein

What is a sign or symptom of nephrolithiasis

• Back ache

• dizziness

• unbearable pain

What is the main cause of acute interstitial nephritis

Drugs such as NSaids, PPi’s, and antibiotics

What bacteria is the most common cause of both cystitis and pyelonephritis

E.coli

What is the main difference between cystitis and pyelonephritis

Cystitis affects the bladder, while pyelonephritis affects kidneys

CKD causes what

toxic build up of substances in the body

What is the most common cause of CKD

Diabetes mellitus

What is the most immediate life threatening concern of ESRD

High Potassium

ESRD is

the final stage of CKD with eGFR<15mL/min

What are some symptoms of fanconis

-Increased thirst

-Dehydration

-Muscle weakness

-Fatigue

-Growth failure

What is the microscopic finding in urine that confirms ATN

muddy brown cast

A positive chemical test for blood with no red blood cells found in the sediment:

Indicates the presence of hemoglobin or myoglobin

An inherited disorder producing a generalized defect in tubular reabsorption is: 

Fanconi syndrome

The highest level of proteinuria are seen with

nephrotic syndrome

The presence of fatty casts is associated with all of the following except:

 

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

nephrotic syndrome

 minimal change disease

 diabetes insipidus

diabetes insipidus

Minimal change disease causes

an autoimmune response to the glomeruli that causes massive amounts of protein in the urine

When observing RTE casts, the cells are primarily

embedded in a clear matrix

The presence of fatty casts is associated with 

diabetes

crush injuries

nephrotic syndrome

Increased transitional cells are indicative of

catheritization

malignancy

A finding of dysmorphic RBCs is indicative of

glomerular bleeding

Transitional epithelial cells are sloughed from the 

bladder

Most glomerular disorders are caused by

immunological disorders

Spherical, concentric circles with radial striations

Leucine

Sheaths of fine needles

tyrosine

Maltese cross

free fat cholesterol

Notched corners

cholesterol

Hexagonal plates

Cysteine

“coffin-lid”

TPO4

“thorny-apple”

Ammonium biurate

“envelope”

CaOx dihydrate

“dumbbell”

CaOx and CaH2CO3

The matrix of casts consists of this substance which is constantly produced by RTEs:

Tamm-Horsfall protein

Damage to the glomerular membrane can be suspected when the sediment contains:

Red blood cells casts

An increase in urinary white blood cells is called:

Pyuria

Ghost RBCs are seen in:

dilute alkaline urine

Where do the immune complexes get deposited in the kidney in Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis?

Glomerulus

How much protein is being spilled each day in nephrotic syndrome?

>3g/24 hours

What describes cystinuria and what it can lead to

The kidneys fail and to reabsorb cystine leading to high levels in the urine and kidney stone formation

What does minimal change disease look like under a microscope

Normal under a regular microscope, but under an electron microscope there are damaged podocytes