Human Biology (BIO 105) - Cell Metabolism Flashcards

A comprehensive set of question and answer flashcards covering cell metabolism, kinetic theory, forms of energy, and the mechanics of diffusion and osmosis based on the BIO 105 lecture notes.

What are the two components of the universe according to Kinetic theory?

Matter and energy.

According to the kinetic theory, what is the behavior of energy in the universe?

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

What is the smallest part of an element?

Atoms.

What particles make up atoms and carry a negative charge?

Electrons.

How are ions formed?

Ions are particles made when atoms lose or gain electrons.

What are molecules?

Particles made when atoms chemically join together.

What is the energy of movement used by particles called?

Kinetic energy.

Which state of matter has particles with the most kinetic energy?

Gas.

Rank the states of matter from slowest particle movement to fastest.

Solid, liquid, and gas.

What is light energy used for in plants?

Helping plants make food during photosynthesis.

What form of energy is stored in food?

Potential chemical energy.

What is the collective term for the hundreds of chemical reactions occurring inside all living cells?

Metabolism.

What is anabolism?

Reactions in which small molecules combine to form larger ones, often requiring energy; represented as $A + B \rightarrow AB$.

What is catabolism?

Reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, often releasing energy; represented as $AB \rightarrow A + B$.

What is the mathematical relationship between metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism?

$$\text{metabolism} = \text{catabolism} + \text{anabolism}$$

What is diffusion?

The movement of ions or molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

What is a fully permeable membrane?

A membrane that allows all molecules into and out of the cell.

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A membrane that only allows small molecules to pass through it.

What has occurred when the concentration of substances (like glucose and water) is the same on both sides of a membrane?

Dynamic Equilibrium.

Provide a precise definition for osmosis.

The diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.

What happens to a red blood cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?

There is a net flow of water out of the cell, and the cell becomes crenated.

What happens to a red blood cell when placed in a hypotonic solution?

There is a net flow of water into the cell, and the cell eventually bursts (lysis).

Why is blood becoming more dilute than red blood cells more harmful than it becoming more concentrated?

Burst red blood cells cannot be repaired, whereas crenated red blood cells can still carry oxygen.

In the raisin experiment, if 10 raisins had an initial volume of $10 \text{ cm}^3$ and a final volume of $15 \text{ cm}^3$ in water, what process occurred?

Osmosis.