the graph which displays amplitude over frequency and enables us to view individual formant frequency "peaks" is a(n)
spectrum
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T/F: F1 and the first harmonic are directly related and often the same value
false
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Resonant (formant) frequencies, like harmonics, are measured in
hertz
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T/F: The resonant (formant) frequencies of the vocal tract are directly related to the fundamental frequency of the vocal folds.
False
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In a general sense, F1 is related to the ___________ cavity. F2 is related to the ____________ cavity.
pharyngeal; oral
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refers to the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract
formant frequencies
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Refers to the vibrating frequency of the vocal folds
fundamental frequency
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According to the Quarter Wave Resonator Theory, an individual with a vocal tract length of 17.5 cm who breathes sulfur hexafluoride (with a speed of sound of 133 meters/second) will have approximately which of the following formant frequencies when producing the schwa vowel?
190 Hz; 570 Hz; 950 Hz
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compared to other vowels, /i/ is produced with the tongue in the highest, most anterior position in the vocal tract. For this reason it also yields a ____________ when acoustic measures are obtained.
high F2 and low F1
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when a resonating cavity is larger, the resonating frequency will be ____________. when a resonating cavity is smaller, the resonating frequency will be ____________.
lower; higher
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individual harmonics
narrowband
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formant frequencies
both narrowband and wideband
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glottal pulses
wideband
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What are examples of temporal acoustic measures?
word duration, vot, speech rate
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T/F: for the most accurate assessment of speech rate in oral readings, narratives, or conversation, one should measure in words per minute.
False
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T/F: a stop watch is sufficient for measuring the duration of single syllables and words.
False
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when measuring the VOT of /g/ in the word /gus/, one would expect a value that is
< 30 ms
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on which type of spectrogram are formant frequencies easier to visualize?
wideband
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which method would we consider the fastest and most accurate for extracting formant frequencies from a speech sample?
linear predictive coding
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You run a Multi-Dimentional Voice Profile on a middle aged female. Her results indicate: jitter of 0.8%, shimmer of 3.22%, average fundamental frequency of 126 Hz. Based on these results, you would conclude that:
Her F0 is below average but jitter and shimmer are normal
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Why are F1 and F2 values so significant for vowels?
they provide information on appropriate tongue position in the oral cavity during vowel production; in some cases they can provide information on place of articulation; the difference between F1 and F2 can specify the type of vowel produced
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What are the predicted first three formant frequencies of the shwa volume (for an adult male)?
500 Hz, 1500 Hz, 2500 Hz
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If the F2 of an adult producing the schwa vowel is 2100 Hz, then what is the value of F1?
700 Hz
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The F1 is accounted for by the resonance of which cavity of the vocal tract?
pharyngeal cavity
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The F2 results from the resonance of which cavity?
oral cavity
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In terms of vocal tract configuration, why the /i/ vowel has such a large difference between F1 and F2
The vowel is produced with a small oral cavity and a large pharyngeal cavity
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What is considered multiples of the fundamental frequencies
Harmonics
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What do the thick, horizontal lines represent?
Formant frequencies
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Where is the steady state part of the formant?
Vowels
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Where is the formant transition?
Consonants
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Is the formant transition always at the beginning of the word or syllable?
No, words that end in consonants also have formant transitions.
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Which vowel has the greatest difference in value between F1 and F2
/i/
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Which vowel has the least differences between F1 and F2
/a/
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How many formants are necessary to recognize/synthesize a particular vowel
2 (F1 and F2)
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How does rounding the lips affect the value of F2?
F2 will be lower because the oral cavity is getting larger; F1 will also become lower
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When considering a spectrogram of a CV syllable, the transition portion of the formant will be associated with the __________ and the steady state portion will be associated with the __________.
consonant; vowel
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Why is it considered more accurate to express speech rate in syllables-per-second instead of words-per-minute?
Words vary in length and number of syllables.
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Why is measuring duration of speech samples using a stopwatch not accurate enough for research purposes?
Using a stopwatch factors in reaction time but in research time has to be exact to the millisecond.
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Which are the temporal measures of speech?
vowel duration, voice onset time, rate of speech
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Variable that have been shown to affect VOT are?
gender, native language, lung volume, motor speech impairment
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What is the most basic frequency measure of speech?
fundament frequency; then, F1 and F2
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Formant frequency contours are best visualized on which type of spectrogram?
wideband
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The very thin, vertical lines visible only on wideband spectrograms represent
glottal pulses
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The very thin, horizontal lines viewed only on narrowband spectrograms represent
individual harmonics
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What is the name of the algorithm which breaks a complex waveform down into its simple sinusoid components?
fourier analysis
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When producing a single vowel, formant frequencies (as displayed on a spectrogram) appear "steady state". This is because the
vocal tract remains in a relatively fixed position
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What kinds of acoustic measures may indicate a voice disorder is present
when jitter, shimmer, fundamental frequency, amplitude are outside of the norm
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T/F: Jitter should be above 1.04% in a "normal" voice.
False
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Which of the following speech analysis software programs can be downloaded for free on your personal computer and utilized in both clinical and research settings?
Praat
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What prosodic components may be altered to change the meaning or emotion in one's speech?
fundamental frequency, duration, amplitude
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T/F: According to the breath group theory of intonation, declarative sentences are produced with a relatively steady F0 contour followed by a sudden drop off in the terminal portion.
True
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According to the Functional Load Hypothesis, the neurological representation of prosody is as follows:
The left hemisphere generally processes linguistic prosody; The right hemisphere generally processes emotional prosody.
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What is the term we use to refer to changes in fundamental frequency over connected speech?
Intonation
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Would a jitter level of 4.6% be normal or indicative of a voice disorder?
indicative of a voice disorder
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list examples of acoustic measures of speech
vowel duration, vot, rate of speech
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list examples of frequency measures of speech
fundamental frequency, formant frequency, jitter
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List 5 variables that would influence a patient's Voice Onset Time
gender, native language, lung volume, motor speech impairment, normal aging
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explain the difference between Jitter and Shimmer
Jitter measures cycle to cycle frequency variation; shimmer measures cycle to cycle or period to period amplitude variation
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For what kind of disorder would we most likely take measurements of jitter and shimmer?
voice disorders
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Speech can be visually displayed as frequency across time on a ___________________, which is created by a machine called a ___________________.
spectrogram; spectrograph
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Regarding formant transitions, the steady-state portion of the formant is related to the ____________________ portion of a syllable, while the transition portion of the formant is related to the ____________________ portion of a syllable.
vowel; consonant
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What is voice onset time?
Voice onset time is the amount of time between the release of the stop closure and the onset of voicing.
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A voiceless stop consonant will have a (longer/shorter) voice onset time than a voiced stop consonant.
longer
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Should the voiced or voiceless stop consonant have a longer VOT?
The voiceless consonant should have a longer VOT because vocal fold vibration is delayed after articulatory release and voiceless stops are aspirated.
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Explain, in terms of vocal tract configuration, why there is usually a large difference between the F2s for /i/ and /ɑ/.
There is a large difference between the F2 of /i/ and the F2 of /ɑ/ because of the position of the tongue. When producing /i/, the tongue is higher and more forward in the mouth making the F2 higher. When producing /ɑ/, the tongue is lower and more backwards in the mouth making the F2 lower.
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For vowels, we generally have only two resonating cavities instead of three. F1 is the resonant frequency associated with the __________________ cavity and F2 is the resonant frequency associated with the __________________ cavity.
pharyngeal; oral
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Moving the tongue forward in the mouth will result in a (bigger/smaller) oral cavity and a (bigger/smaller) pharyngeal cavity.
smaller; bigger
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Moving the tongue backward in the mouth will result in a (bigger/smaller) oral cavity and a (bigger/smaller) pharyngeal cavity.
bigger; smaller
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If a smaller resonating cavity renders a higher resonating frequency, then would the F1 become higher or lower in value when the tongue moves forward in the mouth?
F1 would become lower
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The melody of speech
prosody
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3 acoustic features of prosody, their unit of measure, and their perceptual correlates
amplitude = dB = loudness duration = ms = length of time fundamental frequency = Hz = pitch
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Two types of prosody
linguistic and emotional
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difference between linguistic and emotional prosody
linguistic conveys meaning of word; emotional conveys message
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How does the fundamental frequency at the beginning of a statement compare to the fundamental frequency at the end of a statement?
Fundamental frequency is higher at the beginning of a statement than it is at the end.
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Why are questions generally produced in a shorter duration of time than statements?
Questions are produced in a shorter duration of time than statements because speakers are perserving lung volume for the rise in fundamental frequency at the end of the question.
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Fo averages for men, women, and children
Men: 100 Hz Women: 200 Hz Children: 300 Hz
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phonemic transcription
- / / - Recording only the minimal contrasts in English - Only the basic IPA symbols
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phonetic transcription
- [ ] - The fine details of the pronunciation are for phonetic transcription - Used to transcribe something that has actually been spoken - Often use diacritics - differentiate allophones
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front vowels
i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ
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back vowels
u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɑ
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central vowels
ə, ʌ, ɚ, ɝ, a
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Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production
- a theory of speech production whereby the vocal folds are considered the sound source and the vocal tract the filter for the sound - source is phonation or the vibrating vocal folds - filter is the particular shape of the vocal tract
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Fourier analysis
breaks a complex waveform down into its simple sinusoid component
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Benefit of two separate resonating cavities in the vocal tract
allows us to create acoustically stable speech sounds
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Relationship between formant frequencies and vocal tract shape/tongue position
Formant frequency values correspond with the position of the tongue in the oral cavity.
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vocal tract configuration for /i/
a small oral cavity and a large pharyngeal cavity
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vocal tract configuration for /a/
a large oral cavity and a small pharyngeal cavity
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The effect of lip rounding on formant frequencies
F2 will be lower because the oral cavity is getting larger; F1 will also become lower
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Quarter Wave Resonator formula for calculating formants of a schwa vowel
ss/(4 x L) = F1 F1 x 3 = F2 F1 x 5 = F3
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Number of formants necessary to create a vowel
3
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temporal measures of speech
vowel duration, voice onset time, rate of speech
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frequency measures of speech
fundamental frequency, formant frequency, jitter
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Definition of VOT
the amount of time between the release of the stop closure and the onset of voicing
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Variables that affect VOT
Gender; Ethnic background; Native Language; Lung volume; Word position in a sentence
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VOT of voiced consonants
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VOT of voiceless consonants
>30 ms
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Formant frequency characteristics of /i/
largest difference between F1 and F2
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Formant frequency characteristics of /a/
smallest difference between F1 and F2
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Characteristics and uses of narrowband spectrograms