Chapter 17 Learning Guide- Atlantic Revolutions and Their Echoes

In what ways did the ideas, and heart, of the Enlightenment contribute to the Atlantic Revolutions?

The Atlantic basin had become a world of intellectual and cultural exchange as well as one of commercial and biological interaction. At the heart of these ideas was the radical notion that human political and social arrangements could be engineered, and improved, by human action.

The Atlantic revolutions shared a common political vocab and a broadly democratic character, but how did they differ from one another?

Similar

•Liberty and equality were compatible

•What type of government used

Different

•Different circumstances for revolting

•social and political tensions

What was revolutionary about the American Revolution and what was not, in its break with Britain?

Revolutionary

•political change

•free men enjoyed same law

•new society emerged with more democratic tendencies

Not Revolutionary

•social classes still there

•passionate for cause

What was revolutionary about the American experience?

What was revolutionary about the American experience was not so much the

revolution itself but the kind of society that had already emerged within the colonies.

Where did the political authority remain after America's independence from Britain?

Political authority remained largely in the hands of existing elites who had led the revolution, although property requirements for voting were lowered and more white men of modest means, such as small farmers and urban artisans, were elected to state legislatures.

Estates General

Definition: Ancient representative body, 2 parts elites 1 part cause main people

Significance: Louis XVI wanted to raise taxes but it actually created the National Assembly

National Assembly

Definition: 3rd Estate (everyone else) created to make laws

Significance: created Declaration of the Right of Man and Citizen

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Definition: document created by National Assembly

Significance: sparked French Revolution

Maximillien Robespierre and the Terror of 1793-1794

Definition: Ruler of France after revolution that killed hella people

Significance: killed enemies of revolution, but turned on its self

Napoleon Bonaparte

Definition: Successful General ruling 1799-1814

Significance: Spread French influence by conquest

Describe the composition of the three estates

1st Estate: The clergy (top 2%)

2nd Estate: the nobility (top 2%)

3rd Estate: Common People (98%)

How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution?

1. Insurrection powered by sharp conflicts within French society

2. More violent and radical revolution

3. More radical government and social harmony

4. National Assembly decreed end to all legal privileges of feudalism

How was Napoleon Bonaparte credited for taming the French Revolution and how was French domination received throughout Europe?

Preserved more Moderate elements

-civil equality

-secular law code

-religious freedom

Kept emphasis on social equality, but disposed with Liberty

Gens de couleur libres

Definition: social group of free people of color

Significance: 30,000 most mixed race

3rd group after rich and poor whites

Toussaint Louverture

Definition: former slave and leader of the only successful slave revolt

Significance: overcame internal resistance and defeated Napoleon

Jean Jacques Dessalines

Definition: Haiti's first head of state

Significance: defined all Haitians as black and legally citizens

While the Haitian Revolution had been the only successful slave revolt in history, what were the social, political, and economic outcomes of it?

Socially- defined all Haitians as black and declared all citizens legally equal, confronted racism

Politically- whites fled or were killed, unstable due to bitter internal divisions

Economically- Countries plantation system (sugar and coffee) were destroyed

Despite the creole elites' disenchantment with Spanish rule, what events in Europe instigated independence movements in Latin America (include the movements of Fathers Hidalgo and Jose Morelos, and Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin)?

- 1808 Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal exiling royal families to Brazil

-Mexico, 1819, peasant revolt led by Fathers Hidalgo and Morelos because of hunger

-Bolivar and San Martin, sponsers (creole) of independence movements

-Revolts were not united and never led to a united Latin America because of geographical and distance between colonies was a problem

The United States began its history as the "leftover dregs" of the New World and the Spanish colonies occupied the wealthiest areas and were regarded as the more promising region. Nevertheless, as the United States grew in power what happened to Latin America?

Newly independent countries in both regions launched new phases of their histories, those in Latin America became under developed, impoverished, undemocratic, and dependent on foreign technology, and America benefitted from this.

The Abolitionist Movement reflected both the Enlightenment and Christian values of human equality. How did the end of slavery affect the lives of the former slaves?

Newly freed people didn't achieve anything close to politically equality. Except in Haiti and partially America, but were segregated.

Compare the southern United States period of radical reconstruction with that of Russia's ending of serfdom

Southern U.S.- Had full political rights but harsh segregation laws, no voting, and racism

Russia- Transferred peasants portions of nobles' land, but they remained impoverished

What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political and personal identity in the 19th century?

Explain Nationalism in Poland

Allowed them to realize the growing oppression within the Russian Empire.

What were the achievements and limitations of nineteenth century feminism?

Achievements-

Limitations-

Nationalism

Definition: Belief that primary nation was most important

Significance:

Declaration of the Rights of Woman

Definition: Published 1791 in France in response to Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Significance:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Definition: Feminist who published equality books and paraphrased texts

Significance: