DNA

adenine, guanine

purines

cytosine and thymine

pyrimidines

ribose

sugar found in RNA

deoxyribose

sugar found in DNA

monomer of DNA

nucleotide

components of a nucleotide

nitrogenous base, phosphate, pentose sugar

antiparallel structure

one strand 3' to 5' and other strand 5' to 3'

Chargaff's rules

A pairs with T and G pairs with C

Rosalind Frankin

X ray crystallography study

Watson and Crick

built scale model of DNA

Hydrogen bonds

how DNA strands are held together

DNA helicase

unwinds helix by breaking hydrogen bonds

DNA polymerase

creates new DNA strand in 5' to 3' direction

leading strand

new DNA strand made continuously

lagging strand

new DNA strand made discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments

DNA ligase

connects the Okazaki fragments together

replication fork

unwinding of DNA helix at origin of replication

Okazaki fragments

Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

semiconservative replication

each new DNA molecule consists of one new strand and one old strand

amino acid

Building blocks of protein

Uricil

nitrogen base in RNA that pairs with adenine--replaces thymine

protein

universal answer in biology

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

Transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is producedco

codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

AUG

start codon (methionine) (met)

protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

intron

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

exon

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

Fredrick Griffith (1928)

Discovered a "transforming factor" able to form harmless bacteria into deadly ones

Hershey and Chase

Used radioactive material to label DNA and protein; infected bacteria passed on DNA; helped prove that DNA is genetic material not proteins

Erwin Chargaff

Analyzed the base content of DNA and found that the amount of adenine equaled and amount of thymine and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine.

Rosalind Frankklin

Revealed that DNA was an obvious "X" due to her photo 51 using X-Ray diffraction methods.

RNA primer

short segment of RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new strand of DNA during replication