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Who created the military reforms following the Crimean War?
Milyutin
What quote showed an urgency for military reforms following Crimea?
Leo Tolstoy’s quote: ‘‘We have no army. We have a hoard of slaves cowed by discipline’’
How many Russian soldiers died in the Crimean War?
650,000
What model did Milyutin use to reform the Russian army?
The Prussian army
When did Milyutin introduce the military reforms?
1862-1874
Give an example of reforms Milyutin introduced?
Loweing conscript service from 25 years to 6 years in service and 9 in reserve and introduced military service universally for all men over 20
Why were shorter services a significant reform?
It meant the army no longer felt like a ‘life service’
What form of repression did Lenin use during the Civil War?
The Cheka
When were the Cheka founded?
December 1917, following the October Revolution
Who headed the Cheka?
Dzerhinsky
Who were the Cheka aimed to target?
‘‘Enemies of the state’’ (Opposition)
What were Cheka members taught?
‘‘Your first duty is to ask him which class he belongs to, what are his origins, his education’’
What were the Cheka’s role in the Red Terror?
To enforce War Communism, Labour Code and eliminate Kulaks and administer labour camps
How many provinces were under Bolshevik authority?
30/50
How many people did the Cheka execute trial?
50,000
How many are estimated to be executed in the Red Terror?
500,000
Give an example of an opposition who Lenin removed?
SR Fnaya Kaplan
What repression method did Stalin use during WW2?
NKVD
When did Stalin first use the NKVD?
To remove opposition during the ‘Power vaccum’ after Lenins death
How was Stalin able to remove opposition during the Power Vaccum?
He was Party Secetary
What opposition did Stalin remove?
Kamenev, Zinoview, and Trotsky
Why did Stalin remove Kamenev, Zinoview and Trotsky?
They had a Troika of Power Party
What is a Troika of power party?
Alliance
How did Stalin remove Trotsky?
19127 expelled him from the party and exiled him to Kazakhstan and in Jan 1929 expelled him from the USSR altogether, after provoking trouble
What did the NKVD administer?
Gulags
How many people were sent to Gulags under the Stalinist regime?
40 million
When were the peak purges in the Gulags?
1937-1938
How many were executed from 1937-1938?
780,000
What were show trials?
Public trials were your fate had already been determined
Give an example of a Show Trial?
Early 1937
What happened in the Early 1937 Show Trial?
17 experienced Bolsheviks were accussed of working with Germany and Japan and were sent to Gulags or executed
By WW2, how many NKVD members had been purged themselves?
20,000
