ANT: The Human Organism Midterm

right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region

What are the 3 upper layer abdominal regions?

right lumbar region, umbilical region left lumbar region

What are the 3 mid range abdominal regions?

right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

What are the 3 lower abdominal regions?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Major parts of the cell?

plasma membrane

_________ regulates what comes in and out of the cell.

lipids and fats

The plasma membrane is composed of...

channel proteins

involved with transportation of substances in and out of the cell that can not other wise pass through the plasma membrane.

enzymes

________ speed up chemical reactions

Cytoplasm

Most activities in the cell take place in the.....

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis in the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Holds fixed ribosomes for producing proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

No role in protein synthesis, function is lipid synthesis storage of Ca ions in muscle cells, and detoxification

Golgi apparatus

Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

Lysosomes

digestive system of the cell

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP

Nucleus

brain of cell, containing genetic information

Cilia

move materials over the cell surface

lungs

Cilia are found in the....

micorvilli

finger like projections that increase cell surface area

desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions

What are the 4 types of cell junctions

Desmosomes

bind cells to one another

hemidesmosomes

attach cells to basement membrane

tight junctions

prevent substances passing between 2 cells

gap junctions

cell to cell communication

goblet cells

make mucus on outside of cell

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

the four types of tissues are _______, _______, _______, and _______.

epitheal tissue

covers surfaces and lines hollow organs

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

functions of epithelium

uninucleate, closely packed cells, avascular

characteristics of epithelium:

one

in cell classification simple means:

more than one

in cell classification stratified means:

flat or squashed

in cell classification squamous means:

cube shape

in cell classification cuboidal means:

rectangle shape

in cell classification columnar means:

simple columnar epithelium

Classify the tissue: the tissue has 1 layer of long thin cells

respiratory tract

Pseudostratified epithelium is found in the....

skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina

stratified squamous epithelium can be found in the....

connective tissue

Most abundant tissue type in the body

enclosure, connection, protection, support, storage, insulation, transportation

The functions of connective tissue are:

uninucleate, highly vascular, large nerve supply

characteristics of connective tissue:

areolar and has a liquid or gel ground substance

loose connective tissue is...

dense regular connective tissue

Tissue that makes up tendons and ligament

hyline cartilage

Cartilage found at the ends of long bones and containing collogen fibers

elastic cartilage

Cartilage that supports with flexibility and is found on the external ear

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage found in pubic symphysis, contains collagen fibers and supports and protects

bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

four components of the skeletal system

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

functions of skeletal system

the shape of the bones and how they move together

type of articulation of bones is dependent on

Minerals(calcium) and adipose tissue

bones store...

long bones

bones that are longer than wide

short bones

cube bones in the wrist and ankle

flat bones

sternum and certain bones of the skull

all other bones that are not flat, short or long (ex. hip bone)

irregular bones are...

Diaphysis

shaft of long bone, composed of compact bone

Epiphysis

ends of long bone covered in articular cartilage

epiphyseal lines

lines between diaphysis and epiphysis (former growth plates)

Periosteum

connective tissues surrounding external diaphysis

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

lacunae

cell bodies of osteocytes sit in...

Caniliculi

cell processes of osteocytes sit in.....

osteoid and hydroxyapatite

the extracellular matrix of bone is primarily composed of...

osteoblasts; bone strength

osteoid is secreted by ______ and accounts for_______

hardness

hydroxyapatite accounts for bone _______

concentric lamellae

rings of bone around central canal

osteons

compact bone is made of

false, it has trabeculae

true or false: spongey bone has osteons?

perforating canals

central canals are connected by...

articulation

where two bones meets

temporomandibular joint

The mandibular condyles of the the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bones form

the occipital condyles of the occipital bone

the superior articulating facets of C1 atlas articulates with...

inferior articulating facets of the vertebrae above it

the superior articulating facets of a vertebrae articulate with the...

tubercles of the rib

the costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae articulates with the...

body of thoracic vertebrae

the head of the rib articulates with the...

synarthroses (non movable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (free moving)

what are the functional classifications of joints?

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

What are the structural classifications of joints?

Fiberous Joint

bones united by collagen fibers (sutures of skull)

Cartlaginous joints

bones united by a plate of cartilage (pubic synthesis)

synovial joints

bones separated by a fluid filled joint cavity (glenohumeral joint)

articular cartilage, joint cavity, synovial fluid, joint capsule, and reinforcing ligaments

What are the five distinguishing features of synovial joint?

reduce friction and nourish cartilage cells

function of synovial fluid

sacs of synovial fluid that reduce friction

bursae sacs

bursae sacs that line tendons to reduce friction

tendon sheaths

sprain

When ligaments are overstretched or torn.

dislocation

displacement of a bone from its joint by force

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease where the immune system causes inflammation in the joints

help stabilize the shoulder

ligaments of the shoulder do what?

Messiner's corpuscles

Detects light touch

pacillian corpuscles

Detects deep touch

areolar

The Papillary layer of the dermis is made of ___________ connective tissue

dense irregular

The Reticular layer of the dermis is made of ___________ connective tissue

NO IT IS NOT

Is the Hypodermis part of the skin?

souls of feet, palms of hand, and fingertips

where can you find thick skin?

blister

The separation of the papillary layer of the dermis and the epidermis can result in the formation of a _________ ?

dermal papillae

projections in the dermis that indent the epidermis

20-30

How many layers does the stratum corneum have?

stratum spinosum

Desmosomes are found in the.....

2-5

how many layers does the stratum granulosum have?

Keritinocytes and Melanocytes

What are two types of cells found in the epidermis?

Keratin; melanin

keratinocytes produce _________ while melanocytes produce _________

stratum basale

Mitosis occurs in the......