Lab 9: Integrated Pest Management

What is the pyramid for integrated pest management?

Prevention » Cultural // Sanitation » Physical // Mechanical » Biological » Chemical

When was IPM created? why?

In the 50s

In response to the concern of the harmful effects of pesticides on humans and the environment

What is the historical vs modern use of DDT?

Historical = used in WWI to prevent the spread of insect diseases

Later = insect control in the production of crops,livestock , forestry and urban landscapes

When was the dark ages of pest control?

40s-60s

What was the turning point for pesticide use?

When there was an imbalance of the ecosystem that caused the decline of natural enemy populations and the outbreak of secondary pests. This lead to insect resistence and resurgence of primary pests.

Wo introduced the concept of IPM ?

Stern et al in 1959

What does IPM stand for?

Integrated = harmonious use of pest control tactics

Pest =Any organism that is detrimental to humans

Management = set of decisions that are based on ecological concepts

What is the first component of IPM? why is it

Gathering biological information of the pest and how it interacts with the crop

• Damaging state

• When the insect is vulnerable

Understanding of abiotic and biotic factors that cause changes in population numbers and leads to development of predicted levels

What is the second component of IPM programs?

Relationship between pest numbers and crop loses = bioeconomics

Establishment of economic injury levels and economic thresholds

What is the difference between qualitative vs quantative surveys?

Qualitative surveys = Prescence and identity of insects

Quantitative surveys = Pest distribution, population size and change in abudance

What 6 purposes do monitoring systems serve?

1. Timing of pest arrival into the managed ecosystem

2. Tracking insect migration

3. Determine when to initiate field scouting and further sampling procedures

4. Starting date for phenology models

5. Prediction of later generations based on size of earlier generation

6. Estimate diversity of insects for ecological studies

What is the lower developmental vs upper developmental threshold?

Lower = temperature at and below development stops

Upper = temperature at or above development stops

What are the three methods for calculating degree days?

1. Averaging

2. Single triangle

3. Single sine

What is the calculation for degree days?

DD = max T + min T / 2 - lower threshold

How accurate are the 3 deg day models

Within 2% of eachother

What is the biofix date?

The date to begin accumulating degree days; varies with insect

What are degree date models?

Developmental rate models that estimate physiological time and predict pest stages, which allows for appropriate management decisions.

What are the two sampling method catagories based on?

Direct (in situ) = based on counting insects

Indirect = measure insect effects

What is knockdown sampling?

Based on dislodging insects from plants either by jarring plants against a surface, fogging or heating

What is netting?

—> Often uses sweep nets; inexpensive and adaptable

Net is swung several times through the crop and the insects are trapped and collected

It differs from person to person based on; height of crops, diurnal rythm of the insect and weather

What is aerial trapping?

Tools that trap mobile insects

Effectiveness is influenced by weather, position and height of the trap

Must be visited regularly

—> Using bright colours is beneficial

T/F Aerial trapping is