Microbio Final

Bacteria

• prokaryotic

• single-celled

• reproduce by binary fission

Coccus

spherical

Bacillus

rod-shaped

Vibrio

spiral (comma shaped)

Spirillum

spiral - rigid

Spirochete

spiral - flexible

Diplococci

spherical in pairs

Staphylococci

spherical grape like clusters

Streptococci

spherical chains

Capsule

a coating that surrounds some cells - sticky, helps prevent against phagocytosis

Endospore

enables bacteria to survive unfavorable environmental conditions

Pili

used for sexual reproduction in “conjugation”

Binary Fission

asexual reproduction (copies)

Conjugation

sexual reproduction where DNA is transferred via pili between cells

Autotrophic

self-nourishing

Heterotrophic

obtain nourishment from others

Strict (obligate) saprophyte

ONLY dead material

Strict (obligate) parasite

ONLY living host

Facultative saprophyte

prefers living CAN ADAPT TO dead material

Facultative parasite

prefers dead CAN ADAPT TO living material

Strict (obligate) aerobe

ONLY with free oxygen

Strict (obligate) anaerobe

ONLY absence of oxygen

Facultative aerobes

prefers no oxygen CAN ADAPT TO with

Facultative anaerobes

prefers oxygen CAN ADAPT TO without

Psychrophile

prefers cold

Mesophile

moderate temps (human body temp)

Thermophile

high temps

Symbiosis

close association of two organisms of diff. species

Mutualism

a relationship in which organisms of two different species live in
close association to the mutual benefit of each

Commensalism

the symbiotic relationship of two organisms of different species in which one gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment, and the other is not harmed or benefited

Parasitism

a symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one is
harmed and the other benefits

Synergism

the relationship between two or more microorganisms of different
species in which they grow better together but can survive alone.

Antagonism

the inhibition of one organism by another

Sanitation

to reduce microbe populations to a safe level as determined
by public health standards

Sterilization

a process of completely removing or destroying all life forms and their products including endospores

Disinfection

a chemical or physical agent that kills vegetative forms of microorganisms (but not necessarily their spores) on inanimate objects

Antisepsis

the prevention or inhibiting of the growth of causative microorganisms on living tissue

Bacteriacide

agent that destroys bacteria but not necessarily their spores

Effectiveness of the disinfection depends on:

• nature of disinfection

• concentration

• nature of materials to be cleaned

• # and type of microbes present

• time, temp, pH of exposure to disinfection

NOT BRAND

Phenol coefficient in mortuary settings

1.0 or greater

Halogens

chlorine and iodine

Alcohols

Ethyl and isopropyl

Aldehydes

formaldehyde and gluteraldehyde

Phenolic compounds

phenol/carbolic acid

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Benzalkonium chloride or zephiran

Hypochlorites

bleach

Idophores

iodine

True pathogen

an organism that due to its own virulence is able to produce disease.

Opportunist pathogen

an organism that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic under certain conditions

Pathogenicity

ability to cause disease

Virulence

how bad is it?

Attenuation

reduction of virulence of a microorganism (vaccines)

Drug-fastness

bacterial resistance to the action of drugs

Non-communicable

not transmitted from one host to another (i.e.- tetanus)

Primary infection

develops in an otherwise healthy individual

Secondary infection

made possible by a primary infection that lowers host resistance

Chronic carrier

harbors and spreads a pathogen for more than a year without showing any clinical symptoms

Passive carrier

carries pathogens temporarily but are not infected (on hands)

Convalescent carrier

recovered from an illness but still contagious

Acute carrier

spreads during the early phase but not long term

Local infection

confined to one area of the body

General infection

moves and spreads throughout the body

Focal infection

infection originally confined to one area but may spread to other parts

Bacteremia

presence of live bacteria in the blood

Septicemia

growth and spread of bacterial cells in the blood stream

Toxemia

presence of toxins in the blood

Fomite

inanimate objects

Biological vector

malaria in mosquitoes

Mechanical vector

houseflies on surface

Inflammation is

a physiological defense against infection

Acquired immunity

resistance resulting form infection with a specific microorganism or by receiving antibodies from the mother

Natural active immunity

Immunity following recovery from disease

Natural Passive Immunity

immunity resulting from the passage of performed antibodies from the mother to the fetus or newborn

Artificial Active Immunity

resistance to disease that develops after administration of a vaccine or inactivated toxin

Staphylococcus aureus

• skin abscesses

• food poisoning

• nosocomial infections

• toxic shock syndrome

Streptococcus pneumoniae

• lobar pneumonia

• meningitis

Streptococcus pyogenes

• strep throat

• rheumatic fever

• glomerulonephritis

• puerperal sepsis

• TSS

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• gonorrhea

• ophthalmia neonatorum

Neisseria meningitidis

• epidemic meningitis

• meningococcemia

Clostridium tetani

• tetanus

Clostridium perfringens

• gas gangrene

• tissue gas

• food intoxication

Clostridium difficile

• nosocomial GI infection (CDIF)

Corynebacterium diptheriae

• diphtheria

Salmonella enteritidis

• salmonellosis

Salmonella typhi

• typhoid fever

Francisellatularensis

• tularemia

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• tuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium

• disease in poultry and swine

  • MAC infection affecting persons with HIV

Treponema pallidum

• syphilis

Borrelia burgdorferi

• Lyme disease

Mycoplasma pneumonia

• primary atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia)

Rickettsia prowazekii

• epidemic typhus (lice)

Rickettsia typhi

• endemic murine typhus (fleas)

Rickettsia rickettsii

• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (ticks)

Rickettsia tsutsugamushi

• necrotic skin rash “eschar” (mites)

Chlamydia psittaci

• parrot fever - inhalation of bird feces

Chlamydia pneumoniae

• pneumonia (droplets)

Chlamydia trachomatis

• lymphogranuloma venereum (sexual transmission)

Coxiella burnetii

• Q fever by raw milk, inhalation of airborne bacteria from animal products

Bordetella pertussis

• whooping cough (pertussis)